Bribery or just desserts? Evidence on the influence of Congressional reproductive policy voting patterns on PAC contributions from exogenous variation in the sex mix of legislator offspring

Evidence on the relationship between political contributions and legislators’ voting behavior is marred by concerns about endogeneity in the estimation process. Using a legislator’s offspring sex mix as a truly exogenous variable, we employ an instrumental variable estimation procedure to predict the effect of voting behavior on political contributions. Following previous research, we find that a legislator’s proportion daughters has a significant effect on voting behavior for women’s issues, as measured by score in the “Congressional Record on Choice” issued by NARAL Pro-Choice America. In the second stage, we make a unique contribution by demonstrating a significant impact of exogenous voting behavior on PAC contributions, lending further credibility to the hypothesis that Political Action Committees respond to legislators’ voting patterns by “rewarding” political candidates that vote in line with the positions of the PAC, rather than affecting those same votes - at least in this high-profile policy domain.     

宋代科举会社

科举会社是宋代科举考试重要性空前提高的产物,由士人出于共同解决参加科考所遇问题结合而成。大致可以分成以提高考试技艺为目的的课会和为互助度过科考前后经济难关的义约两种。它为广大士人提供了良好的学习环境,免除了经济方面的后顾之忧,对宋代文化的发展作出了一定的贡献。     

乡村振兴视域中的农民主体作用、制约因素及路径选择——基于湖南岳阳乡村的调查与思考

农民是农业和农村的主体,也是乡村振兴的内生因素,发挥农民主体作用对实施乡村振兴战略意义重大。当前农民对乡村振兴关注度和支持度较高,农民的主体作用发挥成为乡村振兴的根本动力。但现实中,农民主体作用也受到诸如农业综合效益较低、农民自身思想文化和能力素质不高、管理机制滞后及基础条件薄弱等多方面的因素制约,需要党委、政府综合施策,采取完善乡村治理、健全政策扶持、建立引导机制、补齐短板缺陷、加强培育培训等一系列政策措施,尊重、引导、激励和支持农民自我管理、自我发展,激发农民的主动性、积极性、创造性。     

西方修辞学视阈下的受众分析与跨文化有效交际

本文试图借鉴西方修辞学理论结合PAC理论,探讨受众分析与跨文化有效交际的问题,以拓展跨文化交际研究的范围。     

清代两淮灶丁之生存环境与社会功能

清代两淮灶丁是两淮官盐和盐课的主要创造者。在食盐专卖体制的重压下,这些被清政府强行固定在盐场上的食盐生产者,每年都为国家创造了大量的社会财富。然而这样一群为社会做出过突出贡献,有着强大功能的社会弱势群体,却面临着十分恶劣的生产条件与生存环境。在官吏、盐商及其地方官僚无休止的剥削与压迫下,灶丁往往过着衣不蔽体、食不果腹的悲惨生活;而恶劣的生产条件和天灾人祸更使他们朝不保夕,随时都有失去生命的危险。两淮灶丁的上述悲惨境遇,为我们探寻清代两淮私盐问题活跃之原因提供了部分依据：     

Understanding trends in concentrated poverty: 1980–2014

Trends in concentrated neighborhood poverty in the United States have been volatile over the past several decades. Using data from the 1980 to 2000 decennial census and the 2010–2014 American Community Survey, we examine the association between concentrated poverty across metropolitan areas in the United States and key proximate factors, including overall changes in poverty, racial residential segregation, and income segregation. One of our unique contributions is assessing the relative contribution of each of these to long-term trends in such poverty using a decomposition analysis. We find that changes in the segregation of the poor explained the largest share of the change in concentrated poverty over most of the time period, with the exception of the 1990s, where the plunge in both black and white poverty rates had the largest role in explaining the considerable decline in concentrated poverty in that decade for both groups. The association between racial segregation and black concentrated poverty is positive but weaker, indicating that without declines in black segregation, concentrated poverty would have been higher. Overall, growing income segregation, along with weak economic performance in recent years, have put more poor people at risk for living in high-poverty communities.     

Towards climate justice: How do the most vulnerable weigh environment–economy trade-offs?

The world’s poor are especially vulnerable to environmental disasters, including the adverse consequences of climate change. This creates a challenge for climate justice advocates who seek to ensure that those least responsible for causing climate change do not bear unwanted burdens of mitigation. One way to promote climate justice could be to pay particular attention to the environmental policy preferences of citizens from poorer, lower-emitting countries. This paper examines opinions on environment–economy trade-offs and willingness to make personal financial contributions to protect the environment among residents of 42 developed and developing countries using data from the 2005–2008 World Values Survey, the 2010 Climate Risk Index, and World Bank development indicators. Results reveal that individuals in developing countries are less likely to support policies to prioritize environmental protection over economic growth but are more willing to donate personal income for pro-environmental efforts compared to citizens of more developed nations.     

Neighborhood disorder and individual economic self-sufficiency: New evidence from a quasi-experimental study

This paper draws on data from the Monitoring Mt. Laurel Study, a new survey-based study that enables us to compare residents living in an affordable housing project in a middle-class New Jersey suburb to a comparable group of non-residents. Building on the theoretical and empirical contributions of the Gautreaux and Moving to Opportunity studies, we test the hypothesis that living in this housing project improves a poor person’s economic prospects relative to what they would have experienced in the absence of such housing, and that these improved prospects can be explained at least in part by reduced exposure to disorder and stressful life events. We find that residents in the Ethel Lawrence Homes are significantly less likely to experience disorder and negative life events and that this improvement in circumstances indirectly improves the likelihood of being employed, their earnings, and the share of income from work. We find no relationship between residence in the housing project and the likelihood of using welfare.     

大学英语四级考试中快速阅读的答题技巧

快速阅读是大学英语四级考试在2006年题型改革之后新增设的一个题型,它是客观题的一个重要组成部分,也是考生感到很有难度的题目之一。快速阅读,顾名思义,它的目的在于测试考生单位时间内的阅读量,它要求考生在15分钟的时间内完成一篇1000-1200词左右的文章阅读以及文章后面的10道小题。如何在如此短的时间内完成这么长的文章阅读又要做对10道与文章内容紧密相关的考题,答题技巧是考生得分的关键。     

谈知识经济时代大学生择业问题

21世纪是知识经济时代 ,知识经济的到来将会引起社会一系列的重大变革 ,社会就业当然也不会例外。本文以高校主抓学生工作的教师的视角 ,在深入探讨知识经济对人才提出的新要求基础上 ,分析了知识经济对大学生择业的冲击 ,从而提出了引导大学生正确择业的措施和手段 ,使其尽快适应知识经济时代择业要求。     

如何编写教案

教案是教学的一个重要环节 ,是教好课的重要保证。本文就如何编写教案提出了明确要求 ,并探讨了编写教案要认真贯彻的各项教学原则     

编辑约稿之“名家”辨析

对于学术期刊来说,特别是普通高校学报,要想提高其学术质量,没有约稿几乎是不可能的。在对＂名家＂与＂普通作者＂外延的重新＂划分＂的基础上,从约稿对象寻找的难易程度、约来好稿的机率,以及约来稿件的社会效益三个方面进行比较分析,提出编辑约稿应该在并不放弃普通作者的同时,将更多精力放在＂名家＂身上,快速提高学报的学术影响力,从而真正有实力、有胆气帮助＂普通作者＂从稚嫩走向成熟。     

也谈生产要素按贡献分配——对十七大相关分配原则的理论解读

生产要素按贡献分配的实质就是按劳动能力分配。人类社会历史与逻辑演进历程表明:人类历史就是劳动能力的发展史;在一定意义上,按劳动能力分配是人类社会的内在分配原则;生产要素按贡献分配就是在存在商品货币条件下实行按劳动能力分配所导致的必然结果。     

大学英语写作中的语篇连贯问题

以语篇为单位的写作教学是以语篇为一个语意单位的写作教学,是改进写作教学的重要方法之一。由于在英语写作教学中没有重视语篇知识的传授,学生的语篇习作中出现汉式英语(Chinglish)、非完整句子、缺乏逻辑性、非平行结构和语意不完整的分割句等一系列语篇不连贯现象;由于忽视学生分析语篇能力的培养,学生的语篇评价能力较差。     

An experimental investigation of the free-rider problem

An experiment was conducted to test propositions drawn from a theory of rational decision-making propounded by Mancur Olson in The Logic of Collective Action. From Olson's theory it was hypothesized that: (1) Given only a public good to be achieved, the contributions from individuals in an operational equivalent of a large group will be smaller than the contributions from individuals in a small group. (2) Given that certain individuals' actions are not effective toward obtaining a public good, the contributions from those individuals in a condition in which a private good is also provided-but made contingent upon the individuals making a contribution to the public good-will be larger than the contribution from those individuals in a condition in which no private good is provided. Because Olson's theory presumes an informational input from a group context, two propositions regarding reference groups and individuals were also tested: (3) Individuals will contribute less toward a group goal when their actions are anonymous than when their performances are reviewed by a reference person. (4) Individuals who perceive that many of the members of their reference group are making large contributions toward a group goal will themselves make larger contributions than individuals who perceive that many of their reference group are making small contributions, ceteris paribus. (This last proposition is potentially inconsistent with Olson's theory.) The results of the experiment support propositions (1) and (2) and partially support proposition (3) but the results do not support proposition (4).The experiment demonstrates that the so-called free-rider phenomenon may be produced in the laboratory under controlled conditions and also that the extent of the phenomenon may be varied under laboratory conditions. Further the experiment suggests that the amount of contributions which group members are willing to make may be only indirectly affected by the size of the group through the medium of “perceived effectiveness” of an individual's contributory efforts.     

新世纪图书馆员的社会角色与职业理念

文章通过传统图书馆与新世纪图书馆对比的方式叙述了在数字化、网络化技术飞速发展并广泛应用的新世纪 ,图书馆员所充当的社会角色和应具有的职业理念     

对建设昆河经济走廊的认识与思考

“昆河经济走廊”概念的提出,是中越两国政府加强经贸合作,促进相关地区区域经济合作,实现优势互补的重大战略举措,为区域内各相关地区提供了重大的发展机遇。昆河经济走廊的建设有较为有利的条件,走廊建设要以区域内的城市群和产业群为依托,优化区域分工和重点产业布局,建立多领域、多层次的合作开发机制。     

刘勰“物色”论的美学释义

《文心雕龙》中的"物色"篇,是创作论中非常重要的部分。刘勰在"物色"篇中提出了具有独特理论价值的命题,从美学的角度对其中的要义加以诠释,对于当代文学艺术的创作具有借鉴意义,即"物色"不是一般性地阐述自然景物对作家创作心理的感染与召唤,而是以"物—情—辞"的三维构建,突破了"情景交融"的理论模式,从而揭示了"辞令"作为文学媒介的关键性功能。     

债务重组的内容及方式

由于债务重组在当前经济生活中具有显著的意义 ,债务重组的实践也暴露出许多问题 ,所以 ,试图从会计的角度来研究债务重组的内容、方式以及所采取的会计处理方法 ,同时 ,展望一下当前我国债务重组应如何与世界相接轨     

试论知识经济时代图书馆员的终身教育

知识经济时代终身教育对图书馆员素质培养至关重要 ,终身教育的主要内容是职业道德教育、高新技术教育、专业知识及相关知识教育 ,实施终身教育的关键在于创新