Assessing the effect of social desirability on nativism attitude responses

Attempts to measure and analyze public opinion attitudes toward racial/ethnic minorities often confront the “social desirability” problem: those who have prejudiced attitudes are rarely willing to admit them to surveyors. Instead, they may be more likely to give a socially acceptable answer rather an accurate reflection of their views. Previous research has clearly established that this effect presents a challenge for accurately measuring self-reported racial and policy attitudes that primarily affect African–Americans. It is less clear, however, how it might affect self-reported responses to attitudes dealing with Latinos and immigration. This study thus seeks to analyze the extent to which social desirability may affect survey measures of perceived levels of cultural threat (nativism). Results from two separate analyses using the Crowne–Marlowe “social desirability scale” and a survey “list experiment” demonstrate that social desirability is indeed a concern for accurately measuring nativism in the American public, but that it exerts an opposite effect from what has previously been observed: nativist attitudes tend to be over-reported in opinion surveys.     

中国明清时期法律宣传对我国公众法律教育的影响和启示

面对中国从1986年12月6日正式开始,已经浩浩荡荡进行了近三十年的"全民普法",令人深思的当然是如今"普法"该往何处去的问题?如同一个孩子性格的成长一样,我们考察公众法意识的成长也必须回到她的成长环境中去讨论。笔者从回溯古代中国的法律公布到明清时期的法律宣传史,尤其是在解读明清时期的讲读律令、里甲理讼、讼师秘籍中,探寻其中蕴含的当代公众法律教育的应有意蕴。本文既是一种历史的回顾与反思,更重在探寻当前法治中国进程中公众法律教育的方向与未来。     

Choosing race: Multiracial ancestry and identification

Social scientists have become increasingly interested in the racial identification choices of multiracial individuals, partly as a result of the federal government’s new “check all that apply” method of racial identification. However, the majority of work to date has narrowly defined the population of multiracial individuals as the “biracial” children of single-race parents. In this article, we use the open-ended ancestry questions on the 1990 and 2000 5% samples of the US Census to identify a multiracial population that is potentially broader in its understanding of multiraciality. Relative to other studies, we find stronger historical continuity in the patterns of hypodescent and hyperdescent for part-black and part-American Indian ancestry individuals respectively, while we find that multiple-race identification is the modal category for those of part-Asian ancestry. We interpret this as evidence of a new, more flexible classification regime for groups rooted in more recent immigration. Our results suggest that future work on multiracial identification must pay closer attention to the varied histories of specific multiracial ancestry groups.     

Light and shadows: An analysis of racial differences between siblings in Brazil

Using data from the 2010 Census of Brazil, this article quantitatively examines the phenomenon of sibling differences in racial classification. In sum, the findings demonstrate that within-sibling racial heterogeneity occurs in 17–19% of families. The strongest predictor of racial discordance between siblings is racial discordance between parents. Furthermore, within-sibling regression models establish that race exhibits a modest but statistically significant association with some education and labor market outcomes. Most outcomes are not associated with race for siblings aged 15–19, although in families with both sexes, darker females have more favorable educational outcomes, while darker males have less favorable outcomes. In contrast, darker siblings aged 20–25 are less advantaged than their lighter brothers and sisters along a number of dimensions. They have significantly lower education, lower personal income, lower formal employment, and lower occupational status. It is argued that patterns for siblings aged 20–25 may be indicative of individual racial discrimination.     

论船货双方权利与义务之平衡——从海商法的正义到民法的正义

长久以来,我国海商法中船货双方权利义务关系是不平衡的,它更偏向承运人利益,并表现在船货双方权利义务总量不对等以及权利与义务不对应两个方面,形成海商法下的“正义”。《中国海商法》的相关条文有待补充与完善。回顾海商法发展史,从罗德—罗马法到国际商人法,从海牙—维斯比规则到鹿特丹规则,船货双方权利义务关系历经了一条从货方“义务本位”发展至“权利义务本位”的发展道路。《中国海商法》的修改也应遵循这种精神,平衡船货双方的权利与义务,形成民法上的“正义”。     

家长权的现代遗存——一个法制发展史的视角

近代中国基本废除了家长权,模仿西方的亲权制度建立起监护制度。然而,在我国的法律实践与法律文化当中,传统的家长权、家长制以及家长观念仍然影响甚深。我国古代家长权确立于汉代,后随法律儒家化而逐步加强。我国的孝文化强调子女的义务与关系的等级化、差序化,甚至利用孝道建立起一套"差序格局"。而现代法治中,规范"父母——子女"关系的亲权制度则借鉴于西方,长于建立一个人格平等、旨在推进权利实现的平等性。当现代的亲权制度遭遇传统的观念遗存,就不可避免地发生法律的实践与表达的"二律背反"。理解和处理"传统家长权与现代亲权意识"并存这一矛盾现象,是我国法治建设中不可避免的一个任务。     

The racial foundations of whites’ support for child saving

Scholars emphasize that attitudes toward rehabilitation and views about punitive polices are distinct phenomena with seemingly unique etiologies. However, few existing studies examine the sources of public views about juvenile rehabilitation, or “child saving,” and none engage a measure of racial attitudes. At the same time, recent theoretical work implicates racial concerns as a central foundation of public opinion about youth justice. This paper thus provides the first assessment of whether whites’ perceptions of the racial makeup of delinquents and animosities toward blacks are associated with their views about juvenile rehabilitation. Findings show that whites who more strongly associate delinquency with blacks and those who are racially resentful both tend to be less supportive—in absolute and relative terms—of rehabilitation. The results also suggest that contextual threat moderates the effect of racial typification of delinquency, but not that of racial resentment, on whites’ views about rehabilitation.     

从“粉丝”身份转变看泰剧在中国的传播

从2003年央视八套引进的由当前大红的泰星PONG主演的影视剧《俏女佣》初次试水中国市场的失败,到2009年安徽卫视引进播出的泰国偶像剧《天使之争》意外掀起一阵“泰风”。时隔六年,泰剧才能在中国市场立足,在中泰两国不同的文化背景之下,是什么在推动泰剧在中国的传播？从泰剧“粉丝”身份转变的角度解读泰剧在中国的传播规律,发现从被动型“粉丝”到“主动型”粉丝的转变是泰剧在中国流行的关键因素之一。播出平台的多样化、网络交互传播的便利、“明星脸谱化”扩大的粉丝认知、文化接近性增进的粉丝文化认同等方面则是粉丝身份转变的成因。     

承租人优先购买权制度变迁中的公平与效率价值

房屋承租人优先购买权制度,从新中国成立后到2009年几经变迁,变迁的最主要内容是缩短了出租人通知的期限以及承认出租人与第三人房屋买卖合同的效力。新中国成立之初和城市住房改革时期该制度充分体现了追求公平和保护弱者这一目的,而在社会生活急速变化、房价日益攀升的今天,该制度的实施却产生了高成本低效益的后果。经过2009年的“完善手术”后,该制度既体现了法律保障居者有其屋的公平价值又表达了法律制度对效率的追求。     

论"无为"观念的辅助性内涵

“无为”观念长期受到误解。“无为”观念与欧美的辅助性原则有着内在的契合性,应当重新理解。辅助性原则对于促进地方法制的学理发展具有重要影响,“无为”观念也蕴含着丰富的辅助性内涵,同样体现了在地治理原理、上级干预原理与分域治理原理等具体内涵。对它的现代阐释,可以促进地方法制学理的发展,促进地方法治的制度化、规则化。     

论知识产权法的体系化

体系化是科学的重要特征。法学作为一门科学,必须进行体系化。法律制度的体系化有逻辑建构法、利益建构法和价值建构法三种方法,而构建"内部体系"的利益建构法和价值建构法对知识产权法的体系化更为重要。在体系化过程中,以知识产权的类型化为基础,通过确定知识产权类型的"意义",并把知识产权分为关于"美"的知识产权、关于"用"的知识产权和关于"区别"的知识产权,可以初步建构知识产权法的"内部体系"。     

End of an era? Managerial losses of African American and Latinos in the public sector

In this article, we examine whether “new governance” reforms in public sector work over the last two decades have generated managerial wage losses for African Americans and Latinos. Findings from Integrated Public Use Micro-Series data across three time points indicate that the new “business logic” encompassing, most notably, increased employer discretion has progressively disadvantaged African American and Latino men and women relative to their White and gender counterparts. Indeed, for both African Americans and Latinos in the managerial ranks, relative parity in wages that were witnessed in the public sector progressively eroded between 2000 and 2010. Qualifications to these findings indicate that levels of inequality become pronounced for African Americans, and more so among men than women. We discuss the historical niche status of public sector work for racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. and the importance of conducting further analyses of the public sector because of its fluid nature as a locus of racial stratification.     

The racialized construction of exceptionality: Experimental evidence of race/ethnicity effects on teachers' interventions

Scholars, policy-makers, and practitioners have long argued that students of color are over-represented in special education and under-represented in gifted education, arguing that educators make racially/ethnically biased decisions to refer and qualify students with disabilities and giftedness. Recent research has called this into question, focusing on the role of confounders of race/ethnicity. However, the role of educator decisions in the disproportionality is still unclear. In this study, I examine the role of student race/ethnicity in teachers' categorization of student needs as “exceptional” and in need of special or gifted education services. I use an original survey experiment in which teachers read case studies of fictional male students in which the race/ethnicity, English Language Learner status, and exceptionality characteristics were experimentally manipulated. The teachers are then asked whether they would refer the student for exceptionality testing. My findings suggest a complex intersection of race/ethnicity and exceptionality, in which white boys are more likely to be suspected of having exceptionalities when they exhibit academic challenges, while boys of color are more likely to be suspected when they exhibit behavioral challenges. This suggests that the racialized construction of exceptionalities reflects differential academic expectations and interpretations of behavior by race/ethnicity, with implications for the subjectivity of exceptionality identification and for the exacerbation of racial/ethnic inequalities in education.     

“Value in diversity”: School racial and ethnic composition,teacher diversity,and school punishment

American schools have become increasingly punitive and characterized by racial and ethnic disparities in punishment outcomes. Scholarship on the causes and consequences of this shift has highlighted the potential salience of school context. The current study extends this work by exploring the potential effect of an underexplored factor, teacher diversity, on suspension disparities. To date, explorations of the role of teacher diversity have been limited to its impact on academic outcomes, teacher perceptions, and behavioral outcomes. The current study fills a void in the existing literature by examining (1) whether greater teacher diversity is associated with reductions in racial and ethnic suspension disparities and (2) whether greater teacher diversity interacts with the size of the racial and ethnic student population to influence suspension disparities. This study contributes to the existing literature by extending the “value in diversity” perspective to the school setting. Additionally, the findings suggest that racial and ethnic diversity in positions of authority in the school setting fosters a more equitable approach to the administration of student punishment.     

Men’s mobility into management from blue collar and white collar jobs: Race differences across the early work-career

Within the context of the “particularistic mobility thesis” we examine racial differences in the incidence, and determinants of, as well as timing to, mobility into management across the critical early career years at a refined level, namely, when groups share similar white collar and blue collar jobs. Findings from a Panel Study of Income Dynamics sample of men support theory and indicate that from both job levels a racial hierarchy exists: African Americans have the lowest rate of mobility, reach management through a route that is relatively formal and structured by a traditional range of stratification-based causal factors and take longest to reach management. Whites, in contrast, have the highest mobility rate, reach management through a relatively informal path that is less structured by traditional stratification-based factors, and reach management the quickest, and, across all three issues Latinos occupy an intermediate ground between African Americans and Latinos. Further, as predicted by theory, racial differences, particularly, relative to whites, are greater among those tracked from blue collar jobs than white collar jobs. Discussed are implications of the findings for understanding racial disadvantage in the American labor market across the work-career and on an inter-generational basis.     

“一带一路”倡议与中国的非洲文学研究

“一带一路”倡议是党和国家做出的重大战略决策。从区域划分、历史渊源、学科分类、外交内容等角度而言,中国的非洲文学研究是“一带一路”倡议的研究范畴与内在要求。“一带一路”倡议的政策支持、语言保障、各领域的刺激与推动,无疑会为中国的非洲文学研究开创新的契机。同时,任何伟大举措的实施都离不开先进理论的支持与思想文化的保障,非洲文学研究为“一带一路”倡议提供了学术支撑与文化保障。     

A propensity score matching analysis of the relationship between victim sex and capital juror decision-making in North Carolina

A small body of prior research has examined the impact of victim sex on jury death penalty decision-making and the majority of this research has demonstrated some evidence of a “female victim effect” such that cases involving a female victim are more likely to receive the death penalty than similarly situated cases with a male victim. However, within this line of research studies have suggested that victim sex may work in conjunction with other case characteristics. In order to further explore this phenomenon, the current study examines a near-population of death penalty cases from North Carolina (n = 1069) from 1977–2009 using propensity score matching. Results demonstrate that once cases are matched on more than 50 legal and extralegal case characteristics, there is no statistically significant or substantive link between victim sex and death penalty decision-making. Findings suggest that it is concrete differences in the legal and extralegal factors observed in cases with female victims compared to male victims that shape jury death sentence decisions rather than a direct effect of victim sex (before matching: OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.20–1.95; p < .001/after matching: OR = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.66–1.24; p = .52). Study limitations and implications are also discussed.     

Don’t ask or tell: Pay secrecy policies in U.S. workplaces

How widespread are workplace rules against discussing wages and salaries in the U.S.? And what are the core correlates of whether or not an employer prohibits or discourages this type of speech? Using a unique dataset that includes a measure of whether workers are prohibited or discouraged from discussing pay, this article investigates the prevalence of pay secrecy policies, and what worker- and workplace-level characteristics are associated with these rules. Key findings reveal that these policies are commonplace, despite being illegal, and that they are concentrated in more “coercive” rather than “enabling” organizations. These more coercive workplaces are disproportionately in the private sector, lack union representation, and have managers that are generally punitive in their approach and unaccommodating of employees. Findings also indicate that the greater discretion pay secrecy provides managers does not result in discriminatory application of these rules to women, racial/ethnic minorities, or immigrants. The article concludes with a call for data collection efforts that would allow researchers to analyze the consequences of this widespread managerial practice.     

清末中国人编写的日语教材之考察

本文从丰富翔实的原始材料出发,系统整理并分析了清末中国人使用的日语教材的编写时代背景、分类和影响。通过分析清末中国人编写的日语教材典型个案,从整体上我们可以看到清末中国人的日语观开始从"中日同文观"、"汉语本位观"向比较科学的日语观过渡。     

责任的哲学基础

责任分为“事后责任”与“事前责任”,“事后责任”是作为对某一过去行为“负责”的责任,而“事前责任”则是作为将来关心某人某事的道德性或法律性义务的责任。说一个人在事前或事后负有责任,这要涉及到哲学中的一些老话题,这些话题包括自由意志、积极和消极的责任、团结是否原则上受个人或群体契约之限制等问题。一个社会中责任的分配,是一个利己主义和利他主义相互矛盾运动的复杂变化过程。