A panel data analysis of the effects of wages, standard hours and unionization on paid overtime work in Britain

Summary.  This study examines the effects of the basic wage rate, standard working hours and unionization on paid overtime work in Britain by using individual level data from the New Earnings Survey over the period 1975–2001. For this purpose we estimate a panel data model. We show that to obtain consistent estimates it is important to allow for both the censoring of paid overtime hours at 0 and for correlations between the explanatory variables and unobserved individual-specific effects. The main empirical results are that a reduction in standard hours increases both the incidence of overtime and overtime hours, whereas an increase in the wage rate decreases the incidence of overtime but brings a small increase in overtime hours for those working overtime. For men the effects are stronger than for women. Union coverage is of minor empirical importance. The occupation and industry structure of employment has shifted from high to lower overtime jobs. Taken together, these economic variables can explain almost half of the changing incidence of overtime for men, and most of the change in overtime hours worked by women, but are less successful in explaining the changes in overtime hours worked by men or the incidence of overtime for women.     

影响农民工收入质量的因素研究——基于10省份调查数据的实证分析

依据陕西、山西、湖南、湖北、广西等10省份的农民工调查数据,在推导出农民工收入效用普适性公式的基础上,利用Logit模型对影响农民工收入质量的因素进行实证分析。研究表明:年龄较大、拥有中高级技能水平、家庭人口较少、收入数量比较充足、工作行业环境较轻松、收入获取成本较小、从事工作对健康损害较小、日加班时间较短的农民工收入质量自我评价较为满意。因此,政府可以从提高农民工知识含量、拓展农民工非农就业行业范围和渠道、降低农民工收入获取成本等方面提高农民工收入质量。     

工作条件、工资补偿与劳动力市场城乡分割测量

鉴于工资既是对劳动者生产率贡献的支付同时又是对劳动者承受负面工作条件的补偿这一复杂性,鉴于城镇劳动力市场上城乡两类劳动者在艰苦危险程度不等岗位上分布的显著差异性,依据调查工资的城乡差异来测量劳动力市场上城乡分割的程度可能不尽客观。本文关注岗位的工作条件及其工资补偿,依据两类劳动者的可比工资差异观察城乡分割状态。研究发现：在绝对意义上,无论城镇工还是农民工,艰苦危险的工作条件未能带来显著更高的工资正效应;但相对于城镇工,农民工的工资中包含了更多的基于艰苦危险工作条件的岗位补偿部分;在岗位补偿可比口径下,城乡劳动者的工资差异显著大于调查工资口径下的工资差异。以此判断,我国城镇劳动力市场存在以负面工作条件补偿不足为形式的隐性分割,次级劳动力市场中,尤其是哪些最为艰苦和危险的工作岗位上,城乡劳动者看似基本一致的工资水平并不代表农民工获得了平等的生产率回报。     

家庭式迁移女性农民工劳动供给行为研究

随着城市化的不断推进,家庭式迁移已经成为农民工流动的重要模式。家庭式迁移的女性农民工需要同时扮演雇佣劳动者和家务主要承担者的双重角色,这种迁移模式对女性的劳动供给行为会造成重大的影响。利用浙江省农民工的调查数据,试图考察家庭式迁移女性农民工劳动供给的影响因素。分析结果表明:工作经验、培训经历、本地生活时间、工资对女性农民工的劳动供给具有显著影响;家庭结构的影响不显著,但子女或老人随迁会显著降低女性的劳动参与率和工作时间;分位数回归结果表明,各因素对女性工作时间不同分位数上的影响具有明显变化。     

Modelling work history patterns in the Italian labour market

We focus on work histories of new entrants in 1998 in the Italian labour market. For workers in the private sector, we define a standard and three non-standard history patterns. We profile the workers through a mixed-effect multinomial logit model and show that certain features may be associated with the probability of belonging to one or the other category. Furthermore, we show that there are differential effects on wages associated with non-standard patterns. A closer look at best performing non-standard workers shows that even for them an early contractual stabilization may not always be expected.     

农民工职业流动的意愿及其影响因素研究——以杭州市建筑业为例

从个体微观的角度对杭州市建筑业农民工的工作情况进行实地调研,具体考察农民工的个人基本特征、家庭特征、工作特征及地区选择特征四类情况,并利用交叉分析和二元逻辑回归模型检验四类特征对农民工职业流动意愿的影响.研究结果显示,地区选择、从业时间、随同的家庭成员人数、工作中的人际关系等因素对农民工选择继续留在建筑业中工作具有显著正向作用.企业和政府等可以通过为农民工在城市创造稳定的生活和就业环境,推进农民工向城市迁移的进程,或可以加强对农民工的就业指导等多种途径来促使农民工维持稳定的职业,从而一定程度上缓解行业中“用工荒”难题.     

城市基本公共服务面向农民工开放度测量研究

2016年1月起实施的《居住证暂行条例》从根本上摒弃了农民工享有城市基本公共服务的制度桎梏，但农民工实际所能享有的水平尚取决于城市政府开放其公共服务的程度，包括“承诺”服务的领域多少和所设置的约束“条件”高低。本文以各城市居住证管理制度文件为依据，运用全国流动人口调查数据，测量城市基本公共服务面向农民工群体的开放度。结果显示：（1）城市基本公共服务全部领域超过一半面向农民工开放，开放度0.5076。即便在排他性服务领域，也超过1/3面向农民工开放，开放度达到0.3569，农民工开始实质性享有城市基本公共服务，但离平等权利仍有距离；（2）开放度在区域间的分布表现为东部城市低于中部城市更低于西部城市、直辖市低于省会城市更低于其他地级市，珠三角、长三角和京津冀城市低于三大经济圈外城市。相对发达的城市开放度更低，反映出开放度高低主要取决于城市政府的开放意愿而非提供服务的能力；（3）开放限制主要来源于“条件”约束，城市政府在排他性服务领域的承诺度0.7703，承诺服务的领域超过3/4。但约束度达0.4502，城市政府只向其中54.98%能满足约束条件的农民工开放所承诺的服务，源自约束条件的限制占到开放限制的60%以上。城市政府遵循居住证制度规范面向外来人口统一“承诺”服务，但通过“条件”约束选择性地限制了农民工获得城市基本公共服务的机会，农民工平等权利的最终实现尚需要政策制度的系统性配套改革。     

基本养老保险制度对个人退休行为的激励程度研究

退休制度改革的一个关键问题是基本养老保险制度对个人退休行为的激励程度。作者通过测算九大行业代表性个体在不同退休年龄的养老保险替代率和边际隐性税率,得到以下结论：我国现行基本养老保险制度对个人退休行为存在普遍的负面激励作用,即会增加提前退休行为出现的概率,并且这种负面激励作用存在着很大的行业差异性,低收入行业的职工面临着更严重的负面激励。在这些结论的基础上,作者对弹性退休制度的精算中性原则进行了反思,并建议我国在进行弹性退休制度设计的时候,既要消除养老保险制度的负激励作用,又要注意保护低收入行业职工的权益。     

新生代农民工家庭式迁移城市意愿影响因素研究——以西安市为例

农民工的家庭式迁移城市是真正完成农村剩余劳动力转移,推进城市化进程的必然途径,而新生代农民工作为当前农民工的新生力量正在逐渐成为农村剩余劳动力的中坚力量,其家庭式迁移城市的意愿受多方面因素的影响,而这些因素恰恰是政府制定政策以引导农民工合理流动有序转移的最根本依据.以西安地区为例,通过对西安城六区进行间卷调查,利用1 040个农民工样本数据,采用层次分析法对新生代农民工家庭式迁移城市意愿影响因素进行分析,确定各影响因素的重要性程度,发现职业收入、外出务工时间、受教育程度、社会保障制度对新生代农民工家庭迁移城市有重要影响,年龄、婚姻状况、户籍制度则影响不明显.     

学历和性别对劳动者工资的影响研究

随着教育特别是高等教育的迅速发展,我国高学历人才培养规模呈现膨胀趋势,从而学历对于劳动者是否具有作用成为民众越来越关注的议题。本文首先从利润最大化角度分析企业支付给不同学历劳动者工资意愿的差异,这将作为实证检验学历影响劳动者工资的理论支撑,接着运用2004年中国工业经济普查数据分行业检验不同学历劳动者平均工资的差异,并且关注劳动者性别对工资所可能存在的影响,其中学历共分为初中、高中、大专、本科与研究生五种。检验结论认为：（1）高中学历、大专学历与本科学历对于劳动者工资具有积极影响,并且这种影响较为稳定并逐渐增强,而研究生学历对于劳动者工资的影响难以确定;（2）在运用教育赋分法衡量企业平均学历后,检验认为在平均学历保持不变的情况下,女性员工所占比率对企业所支付的人均工资可能存在负向影响,并且员工平均学历对人均工资的正向影响可能会随着女性员工比率提高而减弱。     

Collective Labor Supply,Taxes, and Intrahousehold Allocation: An Empirical Approach

ABSTRACT

Most empirical studies of the impact of labor income taxation on the labor supply behavior of households use a unitary modeling approach. In this article, we empirically analyze income taxation and the choice of working hours by combining the collective approach for household behavior and the discrete hours choice framework with fixed costs of work. We identify the sharing rule parameters with data on working hours of both the husband and the wife within a couple. Parameter estimates are used to evaluate various model outcomes, like the wage elasticities of labor supply and the impacts of wage changes on the intrahousehold allocation of income. We also simulate the consequences of a policy change in the tax system. We find that the collective model has different empirical outcomes of income sharing than a restricted model that imposes income pooling. In particular, a specification with income pooling fails to capture asymmetries in the income sharing across spouses. These differences in outcomes have consequences for the evaluation of policy changes in the tax system and shed light on the effectiveness of certain policies.     

公共服务均等化对新生代农民工城市融合的影响研究

农民工城市融合可以细分为融入、接纳与和洽三个层次,通过对新生代农民工城市融合的测度发现,当前新生代农民工表现为单向融入层次。基本公共服务获取方面与城镇居民的巨大差距是新生代农民工城市化融合的根本性障碍,但二者之间的关系一直未能得到实证检验。实地调研结果显示,当前新生代农民工的基本公共服务均等化水平仍然不高,但政府实施的基本公共服务均等化计划在城市融合中表现出了积极作用,将是政府积极干预城市化融合的有力抓手。     

牧地承包经营权转让意愿影响因素研究——基于农户劳动力配置视角

基于西部3省731户农(牧)户的实地调研数据,从农(牧)户劳动力配置视角分析了牧地承包经营权转让意愿的影响因素。研究结果表明:务牧人口数、近三年务牧消耗、务牧技能水平等对牧地承包经营权转出意愿有显著的负向影响;务工兼牧业人口数、务工技能水平和户均单位土地劳动投入对牧地承包经营权转出意愿有显著的正向影响;务工人口数、户主受教育程度等对牧地承包经营权转让意愿的影响不显著。     

Compound patterns and generating functions: From basic waiting times to counts of occurrence

We derive an explicit, closed form expression for the double generating function of the corresponding counts of occurrence, within a finite time horizon, of the single patterns contained in a compound pattern. The expression is in terms of a basic single, and a basic joint, generating functions for which exact solutions exist in the literature. The single generating function is associated with the basic waiting time for the first occurrence of the compound pattern. The joint generating function is that for the waiting time to reach a given single pattern and the associated counts of occurrence, within that waiting time, of the single patterns contained in the compound pattern. The literature on patterns is huge. Also, there are results that establish links between generating functions for counts of occurrence of the single patterns contained in a compound pattern with generating functions of some more complex waiting times associated with that compound pattern. The latter waiting times are known in the literature with names such as sooner, or later waiting times, or generalisations of such. On the other hand, our result fills a gap in the literature by providing a neat link connecting the generating functions of the basic quantities associated with occurrence of compound patterns.     

中国城镇家庭收入增长益贫性形成机制研究

 借助社会福利函数对益贫式增长测度的可分解性,结合中国健康与营养调查（CHNS）提供的家庭就业率、劳动参与率、劳动报酬率、劳动时间等微观数据,追溯居民收入形成的劳动力市场特征要素,将居民收入和各劳动力市场特征的效用性、公平性与增长的损益相结合,应用要素分解模型阐释中国新世纪以来城镇家庭收入增长的益贫性及其形成机制,由此得到更具针对性的收入益贫式增长政策启示。     

适应性区群抽样：研究流动农民工的方法与实践

 抽样难是对农民工主流群体研究稀少的原因之一,农民工具有聚集性和流动性,总体不明使得常规抽样方法抽样成本高效率低,适应性区群抽样能更经济高效地获得可进行统计推断的样本。本文以北京市城八区的农民工抽样为例,介绍了适应性区群抽样方法的基本原理、主要操作步骤、权重计算、统计推断,以及在实际操作中应注意的若干问题。     

The Estimation of Compensating Wage Differentials: Lessons From the Deadliest Catch

ABSTRACT

I use longitudinal survey data from commercial fishing deckhands in the Alaskan Bering Sea to provide new insights on empirical methods commonly used to estimate compensating wage differentials and the value of statistical life (VSL). The unique setting exploits intertemporal variation in fatality rates and wages within worker-vessel pairs caused by a combination of weather patterns and policy changes, allowing identification of parameters and biases that it has only been possible to speculate about in more general settings. I show that estimation strategies common in the literature produce biased estimates in this setting, and decompose the bias components due to latent worker, establishment, and job-match heterogeneity. The estimates also remove the confounding effects of endogenous job mobility and dynamic labor market search, narrowing a conceptual gap between search-based hedonic wage theory and its empirical applications. I find that workers’ marginal aversion to fatal risk falls as risk levels rise, which suggests complementarities in the benefits of public safety policies. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

代次视角下农民工组织参与对政治参与意愿的影响研究——基于西安市1215名农民工的调查

利用2012年“西安市农村流动人口发展状况调查”数据,使用卡方检验和二分Logistic回归,在代次视角下分析农民工政治参与意愿的特征和组织参与对农民工政治参与意愿的影响.研究发现:农民工政治参与意愿具有稳定的制度性偏好,但新生代农民工非制度化参与的风险增加;组织化能够显著提升农民工的政治参与意愿,随着代次更替,作用方向不变,但程度减弱;农民工经济收入的增加,具有同时促进制度化和抑制非制度化参与倾向的作用.     

基于行政记录人口普查方法的国际比较

开展基于行政记录的人口普查被视为有效破解传统人口普查难题的途径之一,亦是顺应大数据时代充分挖掘人口行政记录资源的必然之选。本文较系统地阐述了基于行政记录人口普查方法的基本框架,尝试对“完全模式”人口普查和“组合模式”人口普查的实施步骤进行解析。基于此,本文选择芬兰、奥地利、瑞士、荷兰四个国家,分普查基本情况、行政记录类型选择和基本记录库形成、已存在统计记录系统基本结构、专门组织的抽样调查设计、不同系统间的链接途径、新人口统计信息质量评估方法等六个维度,对实施基于行政记录的人口普查方法进行了国家比较。     

Educational Attainment and the Cyclical Sensitivity of Employment

This article examines whether there are educational premiums on the quantity side of the labor market. We document four findings: (1) Trend employment patterns shifted for most educational levels post-1977; (2) the lower the level of educational attainment, the more volatile the employment ratio; (3) the volatility of employment for female high school dropouts increased over time even as the economy became less volatile; and (4) since 1984, the responses of skilled and unskilled employment to the business cycle have become more alike. This latter finding is consistent with a reduced degree of capital-skill complementarity during this period.