Generation of Knowledge for Reproductive Health Technologies: Constraints on Social and Behavioral Research

Advances in new reproductive health technologies have surfaced an array of social and behavioral issues regarding decision-making and use of these technologies, underscoring the need for research on such topics as reproductive health decision-making, sexual practices, and norms and values for childbearing and family formation. Using topical microbicides as an example of a new method to prevent Sexually Transmitted infections (STIs), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and/or pregnancy, we focus on gaps in information to inform reproductive health decision-making, noting in particular the discrepancies between data on clinical efficacy and typical use-effectiveness. Constraints on government and private sector support for research, particularly research on aspects of sexual behavior, contribute to problems with the availability of information for decision-making about use of reproductive health technologies .     

Social Legislation in Australia

Despite strong public interest in law reform by both state and federal governments, very little has been written about social legislation in Australia. Discussions about social legislation frequently proceed with each participant assuming an individual and subjective definition of social legislation; rarely is there agreement about the role and purpose of social legislation. This paper examines some writings on social policy in an effort to provide a definition of social legislation; a basis for identifying legislation as ‘social’ is provided. It is argued that for legislation to be social it must have a distributional character. Further consideration is given to the role of social legislation and the motivations for introducing legislative measures to deal with social ills. Attention is focused on approach, rights and tokenism in social legislation.     

社会保障立法与社会保障制度建设

我国在计划经济体制向社会主义市场经济体制转换过程中建立的社会保障制度,目前尚存在内容不健全、法制化程度低、实施机制脆弱的不足.比较国外较为成熟的传统型、福利型、储蓄型三种社会保障制度模式,我们可以从中吸取经验,受到启发,进而建立具有中国特色的、保障面宽、保障程度适中的社会保障制度.为此目的,我们必须加强社会保障立法,既要健全社会保障法律体系,又要严格社会保障执行的法律监督.     

闪婚现象的成因及家庭社会工作的介入

"闪婚"是一种快餐婚姻,它的出现与蔓延既存在深刻的社会原因,也存在诸多个人主观因素。运用家庭社会工作的专业方法——家庭个案工作、家庭团体工作和家庭社区工作,可以使闪婚双方化解心理危机、促进相互了解、增进责任意识,从而减少甚至克服闪婚带来的消极面,维持婚姻的稳定和家庭的幸福。     

Altruism,Social Responsibility,and Government Support For Social Welfare

The study concerns altruistic behaviour in Hong Kong and its relation to social responsibility and support of government responsibility for social welfare. The findings indicated that the community as a whole is likely to engage in altruistic acts. The responses reflect a sense of social responsibility as the most important factor contributing to the explanation of altruism. Independent of other characteristics, those respondents who were more socially responsible were more altruistic. These findings suggest that the people's willingness to help others is largely independent of concern about the interests of society as a priority of responsibility. The general finding is that people are more concerned with individual or familial interests and would sacrifice the interests of society in situations where the two are in conflict.     

For Emergence: Refining Archer's Account of Social Structure

The question of social structure and its relationship to human agency remains one of the central problems of social theory. One of the most promising attempts to provide a solution has been Margaret Archer's morphogenetic approach, which invokes emergence to justify treating social structure as causally effective. Archer's argument, however, has been criticised by a number of authors who suggest that the examples she cites can be explained in reductionist terms and thus that they fail to sustain her claim for the independent causal effectiveness of social structure. This paper offers an alternative argument to support the emergentist claim for the causal effectiveness of social structure, and shows how this argument refutes a representative critique of social emergence.     

中国社保新体系从辽宁起步

作为共和国工业长子的辽宁,在由计划经济向市场经济转轨的历史进程中,遇到了前所未有的艰辛:国有企业比重大,下岗职工多,离退休人员的比例高,经济结构调整任务重,社保工作突显艰巨.然而,当2001年国务院批复同意<辽宁完善城镇社会保障体系试点方案>,明确了辽宁省被定为全国惟一的试点省,用3年时间进行完善城镇社会保障体系的试点工作时,无疑为辽宁送来了新的机遇和希望.     

近代中国社会政策、社会立法百年历史经验与发展规律研究

1840年鸦片战争揭开近代中国百年屈辱悲惨与民族独立历史序幕,标志中国半殖民地时代来临,反映基督教与西方列强对华侵略进入政治、军事、法制和制度化的层面。本文首次从福利社会史角度,运用历史档案资料、文献回顾、内容分析与历史比较等方法,从社会福利、社会需要、社会现代化、国际关系与文明交流互鉴、文明冲突理论等理论视角,首次全面、系统、客观和历史地探讨近代中国社会政策、社会立法百年历史经验与发展规律。本文将1840年鸦片战争至1949年百多年近代中国历史发展过程,大体划分为1840-1894年,1895-1911年,1912-1927年,1928-1937年,1938-1949年五个不同的历史发展阶段,总结每个历史发展阶段结构特点与时代特征,为深入历史分析搭建宏大和长期历史舞台背景。在此背景下,全面系统梳理西方文化对法律学科、法制精神、社会政策和社会立法传播扩散,尤其是简要总结、历史概括基督教在百多年间对近代中国社会政策、社会立法的影响因素。在此基础上全面、系统和历史地总结近代中国社会政策、社会立法的历史经验教训与发展规律,尤其是探讨、总结近代中国百多年社会政策、社会立法与社会服务互动中蕴含普遍客观规律。最后对近代中国百多年社会政策、社会立法历史影响的历史评价和理论反思。     

政府资金来源在农村社会保障建设中的主导地位及立法建议

资金来源是否有保障，是农村社会保障建设成败的关键。政府为农村社会保障提供资金支持，是公共财政的职能体现。从现实来看，政府作为最重要的大责任主体其投入不足。之所以会出现这种状况，主要有两大原因：一是对农村社会保障认识存在误区；二是农村社会保障资金来源的法律阙如。政府主导的资金来源及立法，可着重考虑以下方面：在《预算法》等法律中增加财政支持农保的相关规定；在《土地管理法》中明确政府可从土地收益中提取农保资金；将投向“三农”的资金纳入《农民权益保护法》转化为农保资金；适时制定《社会保障税法》开征社会保障税；立法规范国有股转持充实社保资金账户。     

抵押权制度的变迁——从《担保法》到《物权法》

《物权法》调整了可抵押财产的范围,建立了动产浮动抵押制度,确立了抵押合同的效力与抵押权的设立相分离的原则,完善了对承租人与抵押权人之间关系的调整。对于抵押财产的转让,《物权法》的规定更有利于抵押权人。《物权法》还首次对抵押权的顺位作出了规定。关于抵押权的实现,《物权法》的规定更注重当事人的意思自治,注意保护其他债权人的利益,简化抵押权实现的程序,降低抵押权实现的成本。     

地方立法抵触标准的反思与判定

《立法法》中规定下位法不得与上位法相抵触,该规定是指导立法的重要原则,但是学界对于抵触的标准并没有讨论清楚.目前学界关于抵触的界定有三种观点:观点一,超出立法权限即构成抵触;观点二,与上位法具体规定相违背即为抵触;观点三,与上位法的立法精神和原则相违背即构成抵触.学界主流对前两种观点的认可值得质疑,政治、经济、文化、社会四个领域的立法实践,证明观点三才是抵触的真正标准.逐条列举抵触情形判定是否抵触的方法,存在例外情况,且难免挂一漏万,不宜作为判定抵触的方法应被否定,最佳方法是通过立法精神和目的来判定地方立法是否抵触.     

Care Management and Professional Autonomy: The Impact of Community Care Legislation on Social Work with Older People

Correspondene to Mark Lymbery, Centre for Social Work, School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. e-mail: Mark_Lymbery{at}nottingham.ac.uk Summary The 1990 National Health Service and Community Care Act appearedto herald a new dawn for social work with older people, whichhad previously been a relatively neglected and undervalued areaof social work practice. The legislation proposed a new rolefor social workers as ‘case managers’, with considerableautonomy and flexibility about the way in which the ‘casemanager’ responded to need. By the time community carepolicy was implemented, the role of ‘case manager’had been transformed into that of ‘care manager’,with a focus which emphasized procedural and managerial requirementsrather than a more flexible professional practice. This paper explores the extent to which this shift has substantivelyaltered the nature of social work practice with older people.It outlines key theories of professions and their applicabilityto social work, and critically analyses the impact of the ‘newmanagerialism’ within social services departments. Thepaper also examines the nature of social workers' practice witholder people following the impact of community care legislation,and concludes that the impact on the social work professionhas been to locate an increasing control of practice with socialwork managers, with potentially serious consequences for thecontinuation of a distinctive social work role in relation toservices for older people.     

Influence of Language Technologies on Language Life and Social Development*

In the course of historical development, language media have advanced from sound waves to light waves to electronic waves, adapted in each case to a diversity of contexts and a variety of communicative tools. Over time, languages have enriched their vocabulary, grammar and expression, with resultant progress in language function. Language technology has exerted a significant influence on language life and even on the development of society. As humanity steps into the age of online media, “language apparatus” has improved markedly, as has language life. Taken with the development of new media language, this presents new challenges to contemporary linguistics.     

发展型社会政策视域下失地农民政策创新

随着我国工业化和现代化进程的推进,原有城市空间已不能满足现今迅猛发展的要求。在这个前提下,征地被提上日程,失地农民也随之产生。政府在制定关于征地的补偿政策时,采取的是一种后发性战略,不能完全覆盖问题的所有方面。本文运用一个新视角———发展型社会政策,来看待失地农民问题并提出相应的建议。     

Supporting Family Carers Through Telephone-Mediated Group Programs: Opportunities For Gerontological Social Workers

ABSTRACT

Telephone-mediated group programs are an important but under-utilized medium for reaching frail or disabled older persons' family carers who are in need of support. The primary purpose and style of group programs can range across a broad spectrum–encompassing educational, supportive and therapeutic types. Gerontological social workers are the members of the multidisciplinary care team whose training, experience and supervision makes them most suitable for facilitating this broad range of group types. Drawing on the experience of training a number of group facilitators, this article provides suggestions for social workers contemplating the use of telephone-mediated groups and highlights groupwork skills peculiar to conducting group programs via the telephone.     

The Treatment of Crime in New Legislation

Unemployment and poverty have long been abolished in our country; the material and cultural levels of the working people, urban and rural, are continually advancing; their political consciousness is constantly rising. All this eliminates the causes of anti-social acts by individual citizens. I can report to you that compared with 1958 the number of convicted persons in 1959 declined by 20%. And what should be particularly stressed is that juvenile delinquency dropped by more than 50%.     

发展型社会政策视域下失地农民政策创新

随着我国工业化和现代化进程的推进,原有城市空间已不能满足现今迅猛发展的要求。在这个前提下,征地被提上日程,失地农民也随之产生。政府在制定关于征地的补偿政策时,采取的是一种后发性战略,不能完全覆盖问题的所有方面。本文运用一个新视角———发展型社会政策,来看待失地农民问题并提出相应的建议。