层次Bayes模型在抽样调查中的应用

在抽样调查中,经常需要估计总体中具有某一特征的个体单位的比例p,当我们所关心的这个比例很小,或者是样本量n很小时,通过样本得到的估计就不是很好。文章构造了层次Bayes模型,利用参数和超参数的先验分布推导出总体的后验分布,通过随机模拟了解比例p的大致分布情况。这种随机模拟的方法计算速度很快,而且准确性也较高。     

基于Jeffreys先验的贝叶斯过程能力置信下限估计

本文针对Cpm指数置信下限的问题,通过Fisher信息阵确定Jeffrey无信息先验分布,推导出Cpm的后验分布,并据此采用最大后验密度方法构造了贝叶斯置信下限。该方法解决了后验分布虽是单峰但非对称的置信下限问题。利用MATLAB进行的数值模拟分析,表明了该置信下限能够更准确地反映过程能力,有助于实现对过程能力指数的更精确的估计,为更有效地使用该指数提供了概率依据。     

规模以下工业抽样调查中代表性样本的一种探索设计:平衡抽样设计

规下工业抽样调查是社会经济统计调查的重要组成部分,为国民经济核算提供基础数据,而样本代表性直接决定统计推断结果。对企业目录库抽取平衡样本,能够使得样本结构与总体结构相似。平衡样本是指满足如下条件的样本:辅助变量的汉森赫维茨估计等于总体总量真值。平衡抽样设计需要包含丰富辅助信息的完善抽样框,政府统计数据能够为此提供足够的支撑。基于2009年工业企业数据库的实证分析表明,平衡抽样设计对总体总量的估计相对误差很小,特别是估计的均值与总体真值非常接近,近似无偏;与简单随机抽样比较,平衡抽样设计更加有效。     

面板数据的自适应Lasso分位回归方法研究

如何在对参数进行估计的同时自动选择重要解释变量,一直是面板数据分位回归模型中讨论的热点问题之一。通过构造一种含多重随机效应的贝叶斯分层分位回归模型,在假定固定效应系数先验服从一种新的条件Laplace分布的基础上,给出了模型参数估计的Gibbs抽样算法。考虑到不同重要程度的解释变量权重系数压缩程度应该不同,所构造的先验信息具有自适应性的特点,能够准确地对模型中重要解释变量进行自动选取,且设计的切片Gibbs抽样算法能够快速有效地解决模型中各个参数的后验均值估计问题。模拟结果显示,新方法在参数估计精确度和变量选择准确度上均优于现有文献的常用方法。通过对中国各地区多个宏观经济指标的面板数据进行建模分析,演示了新方法估计参数与挑选变量的能力。     

基于多阶段抽样的贝叶斯序贯过程质量监控分析

文章针对参数随机化情况下的质量控制问题,提出了新的过程质量方法。通过质量控制模型的统计结构分析,研究了Jeffreys先验分布下参数的后验分布和贝叶斯估计,据此构造了具有预警线的过程样本均值-标准差监控图,以及贝叶斯过程能力指数评价模型;然后,将过程状态稳定的模型参数后验分布作为下一阶段的参数先验分布,进行样本数据信息融合、模型迭代更新,建立了基于共轭先验分布的贝叶斯序贯均值–标准差监控和贝叶斯动态过程能力指数估计模型。研究结果表明:与现有的统计过程质量控制方法比较,贝叶斯序贯过程质量监控方法能够融合产品质量指标的历史信息,及时更新过程控制限,动态监控过程质量波动。     

线性回归模型的后验极大似然估计

与普通最小二乘法相比,线性模型参数的极大似然估计,在一般的条件下也具有很好的性质;而实际中,在进行统计推断之前,我们往往对参数的信息有一定把握。文章将利用参数的先验信息即先验分布,构造了线性模型参数的后验极大似然估计,并在两种先验分布的情形,给出了具体的结果。     

基于MCMC模拟和伪似然估计法的交叉分类信度模型费率厘定简

针对传统交叉分类信度模型计算复杂且在结构参数先验信息不足的情况下不能得到参数无偏后验估计的问题，利用MCMC模拟和GLMM方法，对交叉分类信度模型进行实证分析证明模型的有效性。结果表明：基于MCMC方法能够动态模拟参数的后验分布，并可提高模型估计的精度；基于GLMM能大大简化计算过程且操作方便，可利用图形和其它诊断工具选择模型，并对模型实用性做出评价。     

空间滞后面板平滑转换模型的估计及数值模拟

将空间滞后项引入面板平滑转换模型,构建了空间滞后面板平滑转换模型,通过综合应用拟极大似然法和非线性最小二乘法,构造了该模型的参数估计方法,并通过蒙特卡洛数值模拟探讨了参数估计方法的小样本性质;数值模拟结果显示,提出的估计方法在小样本条件下表现良好,参数估计值随着样本容量的增大而收敛到参数的真值。     

有限总体基尼系数的统计推断

进行基尼系数的统计推断时,已有研究一般都设定总体是无限的。研究在有限总体随机抽样的现实背景下,如何利用样本数据对总体基尼系数进行估计及其评价。从总体基尼系数的内涵和定义出发,介绍了非参数估计和参数估计的方法,构造了相应的估计量,基于蒙特卡罗的模拟结果,论证和揭示了不同情况下估计量的性质,并论述了方法的适用性以及在实际应用中需要注意的问题。     

贝叶斯决策理论概述

贝叶斯统计学包括贝叶斯决策理论、贝叶斯估计及贝叶斯回归分析等内容。本文仅就贝叶斯决策理论的基本概念和方法作一简介。一、后验概率分布统计决策理论接是否抽取样本可分为先验和后验两种概率决策。先验概率决策所依据的先验概率分布是根据以往积累的资料和经验估计所确定的,并认为现在总体仍维持着这样的     

单位根过程联合检验的Bootstrap研究

 本文以Ferretti和Romo的Bootstrap方法为基础进行拓展完成三种联合检验,并从理论证明了Bootstrap方法的有效性;使用蒙特卡洛模拟技术比较了Bootstrap检验与临界值检验的效果。模拟表明,在误判率上,Bootstrap方法下三个检验量的误判率分别为2.22%、3.70%、0.00%,而临界值的误判率分别高达22.22%、11.11%、15.56%;在精确程度上,Bootstrap方法的精度分别是临界值方法的11.25倍、26倍和6.5倍。模拟表明了本文构造的Bootstrap检验方法可以替代临界值方法,特别在小样本下,Bootstrap方法的优势表现更为明显。     

Noninformative nonparametric quantile estimation for simple random samples

For noninformative nonparametric estimation of finite population quantiles under simple random sampling, estimation based on the Polya posterior is similar to estimation based on the Bayesian approach developed by Ericson (J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 31 (1969) 195) in that the Polya posterior distribution is the limit of Ericson's posterior distributions as the weight placed on the prior distribution diminishes. Furthermore, Polya posterior quantile estimates can be shown to be admissible under certain conditions. We demonstrate the admissibility of the sample median as an estimate of the population median under such a set of conditions. As with Ericson's Bayesian approach, Polya posterior-based interval estimates for population quantiles are asymptotically equivalent to the interval estimates obtained from standard frequentist approaches. In addition, for small to moderate sized populations, Polya posterior-based interval estimates for quantiles of a continuous characteristic of interest tend to agree with the standard frequentist interval estimates.     

Some blum-kiefer-rosenblatt type tests for the joint independence of variables

Testing the joint independence of variables has long been an interesting issue in statistical inferences. Blum, Kiefer and Rosenblatt (1961) suggested a test based on a sample distribution function. To overcome the sparseness of data points in high-dimensional space and deal with general cases, we in this paper suggest several extended versions of B-K-R tests via projection pursuit. Bootstrap method is applied to determine the critical values and for computational reason, an approximation derived by Number-theoretic method, for the bootstrap statistics is suggested. Several simulation experiments are performed and a real-life example is investigated.     

融合统计思想的大数据算法

海量化的数据规模作为大数据的第一个特征,带来计算方面的首要挑战。大规模样本不一定可以完全替代总体,因此大数据分析的算法设计不仅要考虑精简计算成本,还要考虑如何刻画估计结果的不确定性。本文以分治自助算法和子集双重自助算法为例讨论兼具计算效率提升和不确定性评价的可并行计算的大数据统计算法设计,通过比较分析探讨设计思想与未来研究方向。     

Interval estimators for the population mean for skewed distributions with a small sample size

In finite population sampling, it has long been known that, for small sample sizes, when sampling from a skewed population, the usual frequentist intervals for the population mean cover the true value less often than their stated frequency of coverage. Recently, a non-informative Bayesian approach to some problems in finite population sampling has been developed, which is based on the 'Polya posterior'. For large sample sizes, these methods often closely mimic standard frequentist methods. In this paper, a modification of the 'Polya posterior', which employs the weighted Polya distribution, is shown to give interval estimators with improved coverage properties for problems with skewed populations and small sample sizes. This approach also yields improved tests for hypotheses about the mean of a skewed distribution.     

Stabilizing the Performance of Kurtosis Estimator of Multivariate Data

The estimation of the kurtosis parameter of the underlying distribution plays a central role in many statistical applications. The central theme of the article is to improve the estimation of the kurtosis parameter using a priori information. More specifically, we consider the problem of estimating kurtosis parameter of a multivariate population when some prior information regarding the the parameter is available. The rationale is that the sample estimator of the kurtosis parameter has a large estimation error. In this situation we consider shrinkage and pretest estimation methodologies and reappraise their statistical properties. The estimation based on these strategies yield relatively smaller estimation error in comparison with the sample estimator in the candidate subspace. A large sample theory of the suggested estimators are developed and compared. The results demonstrate that suggested estimators outperform the estimator based on the sample data only in the candidate subspace. In an effort to appreciate the relative behavior of the estimators in a finite sample scenario, a Monte-carlo simulation study is planned and performed. The result of simulation study strongly corroborates the asymptotic result. To illustrate the application of the estimators, some example are showcased based on recently published data.     

Spatially Balanced Sampling of Continuous Populations

When sampling from a continuous population (or distribution), we often want a rather small sample due to some cost attached to processing the sample or to collecting information in the field. Moreover, a probability sample that allows for design‐based statistical inference is often desired. Given these requirements, we want to reduce the sampling variance of the Horvitz–Thompson estimator as much as possible. To achieve this, we introduce different approaches to using the local pivotal method for selecting well‐spread samples from multidimensional continuous populations. The results of a simulation study clearly indicate that we succeed in selecting spatially balanced samples and improve the efficiency of the Horvitz–Thompson estimator.     

Wild Bootstrapping in Finite Populations with Auxiliary Information

Consider a finite population u , which can be viewed as a realization of a super-population model. A simple ratio model (linear regression, without intercept) with heteroscedastic errors is supposed to have generated u . A random sample is drawn without replacement from u . In this set-up a two-stage wild bootstrap resampling scheme as well as several other useful forms of bootstrapping in finite populations will be considered. Some asymptotic results for various bootstrap approximations for normalized and Studentized versions of the well-known ratio and regression estimator are given. Bootstrap based confidence interval s for the population total and for the regression parameter of the underlying ratio model are also discussed     

The use of Smooth Bootstrap Techniques for Estimating the Error Rate of a Prediction Rule

In this paper we present a simulation study for comparing differents methods for estimating the prediction error rate in a discrimination problem. We consider the Cross-validation, Bootstrap and Bayesian Bootstrap methods for such as problem, while also elaborating on both simple and Bayesian Bootstrap methods by smoothing techniques. We observe as the smoothing procedure lead to improvements in the estimation of the true error rate of the discrimination rule, specially in the case of the smooth Bayesian Bootstrap estimator, whose reduction in M.S.E. resulted from the high positive correlation between the true error rate and its estimations based in this method.     

基于贝叶斯的Bootstrap置信区间

在许多领域中,Bootstrap成为一种数据处理的有效方法。很多情况下,模型中感兴趣的参数的置信区间难以构建,为了解决这一问题,文章提出了一个新的贝叶斯Bootstrap置信区间的估计量,并做了蒙特卡洛模拟比较,结果比经典区间估计方法和经典Bootstrap方法更优,并进行了实例分析。