夫妻相对资源和情感关系对农民工婚姻暴力的影响——基于性别视角的分析

随着中国城市化进程的加快，农民工夫妻间经济权力结构和情感关系的变化将对婚姻暴力产生深远影响。本文引入性别视角，提出了解释农民工夫妻间婚姻暴力的综合分析框架，通过量化方法，分析夫妻相对资源和情感关系对农民工实施冷暴力和肢体暴力的影响及其性别差异。研究发现,农民工家庭中婚姻暴力现象较普遍，以冷暴力为主，女性施暴率显著高于男性；夫妻相对资源因素和情感关系因素对男性和女性实施婚姻暴力都有显著影响，相对资源因素对男性实施婚姻暴力的影响大于女性，夫妻情感关系对女性实施婚姻暴力的影响大于男性。     

性别失衡背景下农民工心理失范的性别差异研究

本文从角色视角,利用调查数据,分析性别失衡背景下农民工心理失范的性别差异及其机制。研究发现,性别、婚姻状况和与“养家糊口”相关的社会角色及特征对农民工的心理失范具有显著影响,其中,男性的心理失范程度要比女性严重,婚姻状态对农民工的心理失范影响没有性别差异,与“养家糊口”相关的社会角色及特征对农民工心理失范的影响存在性别差异。研究进一步发展了暴露差异理论与脆弱性差异理论,认为社会角色与性别角色变迁的不一致导致了角色紧张的出现,从而导致心理失范及其影响因素的性别差异。     

女性婚龄与婚姻稳定性:来自CHNS的证据

基于CHNS数据,采用模糊断点回归方法检验女性婚龄与婚姻稳定性之间的关系.研究发现,女性婚龄与婚姻稳定性之间不存在显著的因果效应,加入子女性别、 子女数量以及夫妻共同居住变量也没有显著改变系数结果.因此,修改 《婚姻法》 的法定婚龄在目前看来没有必要.     

谁主认同？转型时期中国女性阶层地位认同的多重建构及其世代变迁

女性的阶层地位认同研究近年来受到广泛关注，但缺乏多重建构视角下基于长期转型背景的世代变迁分析。本文旨在回答两个重要问题：第一，已婚女性的阶层地位认同是否受到婚姻匹配与代际流动的影响，丈夫、父亲与女性自身的客观阶层及其差异如何影响女性的主观地位认同；第二，上述影响模式如何随出生世代发生变化。在使用对角线参照模型分析中国综合社会调查（CGSS）2010—2017年的合并数据后发现：相较于自身的客观阶层，中国已婚女性整体上倾向于以丈夫的客观阶层来建构自身的阶层认同，但越年轻的世代这一倾向越弱；父亲客观阶层的影响则与自身客观阶层的影响并重，甚至随世代变迁略有增强。上述结果体现了中国特色的家庭现代化模式，即已婚女性虽愈少依赖于配偶，但依然与原生家庭保持着紧密连结。     

不同代别农民工生育意愿及其影响因素——基于厦门市912位农村流动人口的实证研究

笔者利用在福建省厦门市举行的两次关于流动人口的抽样调查数据1 ,对不同代别2 农民工的生育意愿进行描述,结果表明：在最佳生育年龄方面,旧生代、过渡代和新生代农民工的看法没有太大的差异,在意愿生育数量、意愿生育质量、意愿生育性别和生育动机方面,三个代别的农民工存在显著性差异。对三个代别的意愿生育数量、意愿生育质量和生育动机的影响因素进行回归分析的结果表明：影响旧生代和过渡代农民工生育意愿三个方面的因素较复杂,其中,受教育程度和生育经历的影响较集中。对于新生代农民工而言,只有受教育程度这一变量始终在影响着其意愿生育数量、意愿生育质量和传统型生育动机;从事何种职业影响着其关于情感性生育动机的看法。笔者认为已婚农民工的生育经历对生育意愿所起的作用将为新生代的生育行为提供前车之鉴,通过进一步加强教育和提升职业层次,将为新生代农民工具备良好的生育意愿和生育行为创造条件。     

新生代对基督教的信任态度及中介机制——以长三角地区数据为例

本文基于经典的“世代分析”框架和系统信任研究的“文化论”路径,试图回答：与其前辈相比,出生并成长于改革开放之后的新生代在对基督教信任方面有无差异？若有,近代以来影响国人对基督教态度的科学主义和文化民族主义在其间是否仍具中介影响？以此会突显民众对基督教怎样的态度变化？文章通过对长三角地区调查数据的分析发现,与前辈相比,新生代对基督教的信任度更高;科学主义与文化民族主义在世代与基督教信任间发挥着部分中介效应,且影响较弱。由此,我们可以在一定程度上看到新生代在实现包容性国民精神转型方面的向好态势。     

居住空间分异与农民工城市劳动供给——基于流动人口动态监测数据的经验考察

农民工在居住空间上的分异将对其城市劳动供给产生差异化影响。基于流动人口动态监测数据,本文使用熵均衡匹配、因果中介分析等方法,评估居住空间分异对农民工工资率的影响及其机制。结果发现,居住在商品房、保障房或单位社区的农民工工资率比对照组高10.24%;混合居住结构并未显著提升农民工的工资率。机制检验证实,居住在商品房、保障房或单位社区的农民工更易融入城市生活关系和工作环境,同群效应刺激其形成积极的劳动行为偏好。此外,居住在商品房、保障房或单位社区对新生代和自雇农民工工资率的促增效应明显大于第一代和受雇农民工;居住在市区老旧社区和城中村、市郊社区对新生代和自雇农民工工资率的抑制效应相对突出。     

外出民工职业流动轨迹与向上发展促进机制研究——基于北京市的调研数据

本文利用2014年最新调查数据实证检验了外出农民工的职业流动轨迹及向上职业发展影响因素.研究发现,外出农民工的职业流动经历和总体职业特征均呈倒“U”形分布,存在逆向选择和向下流动现象.农民工的职业获取存在明显的性别区隔;职业培训是农民工获取中高端职业的重要条件,社会资本仅有助于农民工低端职业身份的获取,对中高端职业以及职业发展并无显著效应.尽管农民工的城市就业存在较多障碍,但受教育程度越高、务工年限越长、参与过职业培训或拥有职业技能证书、有家属随迁或举家外出的农民工更有可能实现向上的职业发展.     

多代流动效应：来自中国的证据

多代流动是社会流动中的重要议题。本文利用中国劳动力调查2012年数据,检验了不同世代社会流动的多代效应模式。研究发现,1980年以前出生的世代累积性的优势或劣势主要表现在两代之间,多代的效应并不明显;但随着市场经济的确立,累积性不平等的效应从两代之间扩展到三代之间,即在控制了父代的阶层地位后,祖代-孙代的影响效应仍显著存在,祖代职业阶层越高,孙代进入高职业阶层的可能性越大。此外,研究发现教育是个体实现向上流动的重要变量,但教育获得本身受家庭背景的影响。文章从实证和理论两方面的论述有助于加深对中国社会流动与代际不平等的理解。     

中国农民工社会融入的代际比较

本文依据2011年中国社会科学院社会学研究所中国社会状况综合调查数据,描述了老一代农民工和新生代农民工在经济、社会、心理和身份四个层面的社会融入状况,分析了人力资本、社会资本和政策制度等因素对社会融入的影响。研究发现,新生代农民工社会融入状况与老一代农民工相比并没有根本差异;影响社会融入的人力资本因素更显著地体现在农民工的工作技能上;政策制度对农民工社会融入具有重要影响;农民工社会融入的经济-社会-心理-身份四个层次不存在递进关系,经济层次的融入并不必然带来其他层次的融入。     

生命历程理论视角下劳动力迁移对初婚年龄的影响

本文利用2012年清华大学“城镇化与劳动力移民”项目的调查数据,通过事件史方法考察劳动力迁移对初婚年龄的影响。研究发现,劳动力迁移会对初婚年龄产生推迟效应,迁移事件发生的时机和过程都会左右这一影响的具体结果。研究显示,越早实现迁移,越有助于移民进入婚姻,频繁的流动则削弱了结婚的可能性,而父亲的迁移经历同样会对子女的初婚年龄产生影响。通过对不同世代群体的比较,本文进一步发现,迁移对初婚年龄的影响程度随世代推移呈现“倒U型”趋势,这一结果与不同世代下的迁移特点及其身处情境有关。研究结果表明,劳动力移民的生命历程基于迁移发生了转轨,他们放缓了自我再生产的周期,这对人口结构和社会结构的调整具有重大意义。     

影响农民工精神健康的社会因素

本项研究运用定量数据从个体的社会经济地位、迁移压力和社会资本三个角度,分析了影响农民工精神健康的社会因素。研究发现：（1）相对社会经济地位对农民工的精神健康产生的影响远大于绝对社会经济地位的影响;（2）农民工群体的迁移过程面临的压力,例如被排斥、不公平待遇等会对他们的精神健康产生较大的消极影响;（3）相较于其他群体,社会资本和精神健康的关系在农民工群体中的表现更为复杂。有的社会资本对精神健康有积极的影响,例如信任和网络密度;而有的社会资本则对精神健康产生消极影响。     

Migration to London and the development of the north–south divide, 1851–1911

This article uses census data for England and Wales covering the period 1851–1911 to provide new insights into patterns of migration to London. It examines several related themes including the role migration played in London’s growth during this period, age and gender differentials and distance travelled. Calculating net migration rates, the article demonstrates that after age 30, of those born outside of London, more left the Capital than came, yet over time an increasing proportion of the migrant population was retained. The proportion of family migrants fluctuated over the period, yet compared to others tended to travel shorter distances, a feature which increased over time with suburbanization. Turning to the geographical origins of migrants, London drew migrants from across the entirety of England and Wales. However, the data suggest that the migrant sex ratio became more homogeneous over time, with distinct pockets of male dominated migration that were visible in 1851 disappearing by 1911. Lastly, the article investigates migration from the perspective of place of departure rather than destination, as is traditionally the case. This reveals a distinct regional geography, suggesting that the present-day north–south divide was already evident in 1851, and became increasingly distinct over time.     

How portable is social security for migrant workers? A review of the literature

This article reviews the recent literature on existing mechanisms that allow for the portability of social security entitlements for migrant workers and finds that North–North migrants have the best access to portability. There is limited coordination between origin and destination countries regarding the portability of social entitlements of South–North migrants. These migrants are dealing with discourses and policies that treat them as second class citizens, even as they are providing much‐needed labour to their host countries. South–South migrants are seeing new regional mechanisms addressing portability. However, many of the impacts of these mechanisms are not yet known. Other knowledge gaps on portability relate to internal and South–South migration, the role of gender and other social identities, migrants’ occupations as well as their legal immigration status.     

The politics of marital name change

Each year, millions of women face the decision whether or not to change their names after marriage. One study found that region, gender role traditionalism, career orientation, and educational attainment predicted name changes (Johnson and Scheuble, 1995). Another line of research discovered that women who changed their names were perceived as less ambitious and less competent, but more caring than women who did not change their name (Noordewier et al., 2010). Despite the prevalence and importance of this decision, we know very little about marital name change among political leaders. In this study, we take a preliminary look at marital name change in the political arena by focusing on name changing among women serving in the U.S. House and U.S. Senate. We find that half of female legislators keep their name after marriage, and that Democrats, racial minorities, legislators who come from political families, legislators who were married later in life, and legislators who were first elected to office at a younger age are more likely to keep their names.     

农民工收入与村庄网络 基于多重模型识别策略的因果效应分析

以往基于家庭网和社交网的实证研究表明,社会网络对农民工的工资收入没有影响。这些结论的得出,很大程度上是由于对农民工个人网的范围界定不准,且对内生性问题解决不够。本文采用22个省份的农户调查数据,针对中国农民工频繁返乡的特点,证实同村打工网的规模与农民工在城市中的收入具有正向因果关系。为解决影响因果判断的内生偏误问题,本文采取赫克曼二阶段法和工具变量方法组合使用的多重模型识别策略,把村庄遭受的自然灾害强度作为工具变量。     

Life Satisfaction of Rural Migrant Workers in Urban China: The Roles of Community Service Participation and Identity Integration

Abstract

China is home to approximately 245 million rural-to-urban migrant workers. The influx of migrants into urban areas has posed various challenges for local social service systems. Recently, increasing number of community services have been developed to meet the growing service demands from the migrant population. However, whether increase in community service use results in improved wellbeing among migrant workers remains critically unexplored. As such, this study examines the role of community service use in migrant workers’ life satisfaction and the potential mediating effect of identity integration in Shenzhen, China. Bootstrapped models were adopted to examine relationship among variables. Drawing from a sample of 1,087 rural-to-urban migrant workers, we found that community service use is positively correlated with both identity integration and migrant workers’ life satisfaction. Moreover, identity integration served as a partial mediator between community service use and life satisfaction. The mediating effect of identity integration was found to increase with age. This study highlights that diverse services should be implemented to address divergent needs of migrants in different age groups. Community service can also serve as a vehicle to foster integration among migrant workers in host communities, especially for older age groups. Future studies may further investigate the relationships between community social capital, community social support, quality of community-based organization and frequency of service use so as to optimize the life satisfaction of migrant workers.     

Social risks and public pension in South Korea

This study investigated how traditional and new social risks have emerged in South Korea and how policies have coped with them, focusing on the public pension program. Using national statistics data and publicly published government reports, factors such as marital status, economic activity, and the insurance trend of the public pension by age and gender for the last decade were examined. Main results are as follows. Women's labor force participation has slightly increased; however, career discontinuity remains and new family risks have increased. Second, women's public pension coverage as a percentage of the employment rate has substantially increased, implying that old labor market risks have largely been reduced for female workers. Third, the public pension insured rate among male workers has decreased to a small degree, which implies that new labor market risks are increasing for male workers. Consequently, the gender gap in risk has been reduced; however, policies established to deal with new risks have introduced some gender effects