重构法律的道德内涵——霍耐特承认理论视野中的法律

霍耐特的承认理论,是力图在主体间性理论的基础上重构一种新的政治理论和社会学说.在这一理论视野中,霍耐特试图重新为法律奠定一个道德的基础,把法律视为承认运动的环节之一,从而超出了近代以来的自然法理论.     

承认的哲学:霍耐特承认理论评述

霍耐特承认理论在后形而上学的哲学视野中,基于"社会性关注与社会发展、批判规范的探寻和社会正义构想"的问题意识,回答了"为什么我得承认你","承认如何可能","美好生活如何实现"等重大社会政治问题,实现了社会批判理论的伦理-政治转向,并着力于构建极具当代理论-实践价值的政治正义学说.     

霍耐特是否误读了黑格尔?——以黑格尔的“否定伦理”章为例

霍耐特为承认而斗争的理论不仅重构了主体间的理性交往模式和社会规范秩序,而且也在客观上复兴了黑格尔耶拿早期的社会冲突理论,特别是《伦理体系》中的“否定伦理”章节。但问题是,霍耐特对黑格尔“否定伦理”的承认式解读,实质上是把植根于民族国家之中的伦理精神和伦理理念简化、降级为社会道德发展的逻辑方案。这种承认解读模式不仅遮蔽甚至放弃了“伦理国家”的理论指向,而且在根本上与黑格尔《伦理体系》的写作意图不相符合。本文首先解析霍耐特的承认范式是如何悖离黑格尔“否定伦理”的文本语境,进而指出,只有从黑格尔伦理体系化的视角,才能正确理解“否定伦理”所承担的结构性的过渡功能：把伦理的自然阶段引向伦理的真正形态,引向统一的民族国家。     

“承认”作为国家秩序与国际秩序的原则

费希特和黑格尔都在国家间的承认和个人阃的承认之间进行类比.在他们那个时代,西方国家的契约社会已经建立起来,个体之间不再需要为承认而斗争;在国际事务中,国与国之间仍然处干自然状态,仍需要为承认而斗争.当今世界,国家之间的相互承认已经成为国际交往的前提,承认范畴已经不再是国际法的逻辑起点.     

构成差异的技术与媒介的关系——走向技术化的社会实用论

什么是技术观点的转变技术通常被界定为人类制造的工具,是达到某种目的的有效手段,或是物质制品的整体。但是,就像工具与机器的创造、制作和使用一样,技术也包括工具性的实践;它也囊括了物质和非物质技术制品的全部内容。它与制度化的需求以及技术所服务的想象目标密切相关。当     

加拿大承认新中国的问题

1949年11月16日,加拿大内阁作出决定:在原则上承认新成立的中华人民共和国.但到加政府最终于1970年10月实施这个决定、与中国建交时,时光已经过去了二十一个年头.那么,加拿大方面当时在这个问题上只决定不作为的原因何在呢?首先,加政府在外交上受美英两国和北约的影响很大,独立行动的空间和能力有限.其次,加拿大在中国的利益有限,与中国的关系无法置于其外交事务的优先位置之上.第三,加拿大在其全球战略层面上既不重视远东地区,也不愿意在这个地区采取主动行动,以免承担额外的责任.第四,加拿大的传统观念和政府文化是以北美为本,重视欧洲,忽视亚洲.第五,加拿大在承认新中国和建交问题上优柔寡断,错过承认和建交的最佳时机.而朝鲜战争的突然爆发,终于使加拿大与中国建交的最佳时机在顷刻间不复存在.     

论经承认的外国法院判决的效力

在国际民事司法协助方面,对外国法院判决的不同承认模式决定了承认的效力对象与效力基准的差异。在形式审查模式下,承认外国法院的判决,承认的对象是该判决的形成力、既判力、执行力等实质效力,效力基准一般采用折衷说。在各国法院裁判效力差异较大的背景下,承认国说的观点并不适合作为经承认的外国法院判决在我国的效力基准,我国应当用折衷说的理论来完善经承认的外国法院判决效力基准的制度设计。     

论无权处分中权利人承认的效力

应当区分无权处分的内部关系与外部关系来分析无权处分承认的不同效力。权利人对无权处分的追认可以使处分行为有效。处分之前向买受人作出的承认具有单独行为的性质 ,对出卖人作出的承认是处分权的授权行为。     

消费领域中的承认关系研究——从霍耐特的规范重构谈起

承认理论开启了一个从主体间性关系出发理解消费的全新视野。霍耐特认为,消费者与生产者之间的相互承认关系是消费领域的规范基础——双方在对话机制的引导下满足对方的需求,实现社会自由。但在消费社会中对话机制缺失,消费者日益分化,生产者权力过大,从而破坏了这种相互满足的承认关系。霍耐特对当代消费社会的这种解读忽视了消费承认关系同时是主体间基于自由认同的授权关系,从而导致其窄化了关于生产者与消费者对话方式的理解,因此也就忽视了市场权力的正面意义。     

网络互动的社会功能分析

关于网络互动的研究大体是沿着两个理论框架展开:一是社会互动理论,二是符号学的视角。从这两种分析框架出发,学者们深入探讨了网络互动的过程和形式,即互动行为本身。但是网络行动除了动机和意义外,更对互动参与者以及他人产生了影响和作用。这种影响和作用表现在对他人影响的隐功能、互动者在互动过程中获取了情感支持的功能以及对互动者的社会化功能等三个方面。     

社会分类与群体符号边界——以农民工社会分类问题为例

农民工社会分类的生成源于制度性的安排，一种基于城乡二元户籍分割制度的社会安排，包括先赋性的制度安排，后致性的教育水平、个人职业选择以及日常生活中的消费品味，其动力机制表现为最初的社会化和先天的类别化安排，这是群体符号边界的生成的最初动力；其次，这种社会分类形成于某种社会心理过程和心理机制，即通过社会认知系统、社会比较和自我类别化，完成再社会化或自我类别化运作，并通过行为的互动模式，进一步内化这种群体符号边界，实现这种群体符号边界的再生产；最后，社会分类是一种叙事逻辑、话语系统和符号指称进一步强化的结果，叙事逻辑、话语系统和符号指称通过社会建构和知识的再生产，达成了群体符号边界的“内固”和“强化”的过程。     

互联网对社会的影响及其建设思路

互联网作为一场全新的技术革命,对社会领域产生了巨大的影响作用。互联网迅速地改变和重塑着中国传统的社会结构,使其经历着一场解构与重构的革命,形成和凸显着一种全新的社会关系和社会运行模式。由此,中国社会在交往互动、舆论表达、利益诉求、价值观念、生活方式等方面都呈现出不同于传统的新特性。互联网的影响既带来显著的社会进步,也给管理者带来了前所未有的压力。十八大报告提出全面建成小康社会需要创新社会管理、加强社会建设。本文认为"互联网社会建设"也是创新社会管理的重要内容,因而提出互联网社会建设的相关政策建议,旨在提高互联网的管理水平,规范社会秩序,实现互联网社会的良性互动,最终推进和谐社会的建设。     

Recognition and gendered identity constructions in labour activation

Few studies have considered how labour activation programmes affect participants’ identity construction, particularly from a gender comparison perspective. Using qualitative data and recognition theories, this exploratory study of the Norwegian Qualification Program examined how gender may affect labour activation recipients’ identity construction and sense of social value. The findings suggest that women experience labour activation as an enabling process, facilitating an enhanced sense of social value and status. In contrast, men experience either no such change or a diminution of their sense of worth and status. The study shows how cultural values regarding gender, work and employment are embedded in social work practice and activation policy implementation. Underscoring how activation may be intertwined in such cultural values and norms, the study calls for further research to understand these processes, as they may affect outcomes in labour activation policy.     

网络艺术传播中的社会行为

网络艺术作品的生产过程具有复合性、欣赏性、协作性和多样性的特征;网络艺术的传播具有信息流通的双向性、视听符号的统一性、现实世界与虚拟世界的交互性、传播广度的宽泛性、传播者的自控性以及传播者与受众共享性的特征。因此,无论是生产还是消费,网络艺术的传播行为都呈现出社会化的互动过程。网络艺术传播正是在这样一个双向选择与互动中得到不断深化与发展。     

农民工经济贡献自我评价差异的影响因素研究

随着改革开放的深入,农民工对流入地的经济贡献越来越大。但就农民工个体而言,他们对经济贡献的自我评价受到各种因素的影响而存在差异。本文从农民工的流出/流入地、人力资本、经济回报、社会接纳和社会认同等五个方面入手,通过建立Logistic回归模型,探讨并分析影响农民工对流入地经济贡献自我评价的诸多因素。结果表明,除了流出/流入地对经济贡献自我评价并不显著,其余四项对经济贡献自我评价作用显著。     

以社会管理科学化促进社会体系均衡与稳定

改革发展进入关键时期,社会体系的均衡与稳定显得尤为重要。掌握社会管理规律、完善社会管理政策法规、充分利用社会管理资源、提升政府管理和服务水平以及提高社会管理科学化水平成为党的执政能力建设与构建社会主义和谐社会的必然要求。提高社会管理科学化,需要进一步加强和完善社会管理格局,发挥其功能与作用;强化服务体系与服务平台建设;促进社会管理环境建设,在实施方式、手段等方面创新。     

Survey on Perceptions of Social Fairness and Their Implications for Social Governance Innovation*

At the present stage, social fairness or equity is an important area of governance in China, and increasing the level of fairness is an important theme of work. In 2016, the Chinese government laid down specific arrangements and operations relating to equity in education, social security, market competition, etc. The participatory governance model entails testing policy outcomes in relation to the sense of fairness of the mass of the people. Our survey found that perceptions of fairness are higher among middle- and high-income groups and are lower in the eastern region than in the central and western regions. In social security, however, perceptions of fairness and of improvements in the level of fairness are lower than they are for education and market competition. Overall, specific policies relating to fairness in education have been quite effective in enhancing people's perceptions of fairness. Accordingly, if we are to make effective improvements in the fairness of social governance, we need a more rational distribution system that takes into account public opinion and expands the scope of fairness in social security.     

Social Exclusion, Inequality and Social Work

This paper sets out the environment of inequality in which social work and the poor have recently operated. It explores pragmatic and idealist arguments concerning whether or not the poor need social work. Finally, policy solutions developed in consultation with social service users and carers are suggested in relation to poverty and social exclusion. Social exclusion can be linked to relative poverty as exclusion from economic and social norms. However, there is a wider brief in our own government’s publications and those of Europe, of examining how people are excluded from actions and policies of agencies who are there to support them. This paper will retain the concepts of poverty as lack of material income, and inequality as the gap between the rich and the poor, while being aware of the policy implications for social service users and carers of the more comprehensive process of being shut out partially or fully from social, economic, political and cultural systems. The debates around social work, social exclusion and inequality that follow establish: that some of the poor do need social work; that the poverty of social service users is related to policies that have restructured welfare in Britain; that the reason for individuals approaching or being referred to social services are complex but are likely to include financial deprivation as a key contributory factor; that if the poor do need social work, advocacy is essential rather than social work being seen as concerned only with social control—taking children into care, mentally ill people into hospitals, and advising the DSS on the suitability of claimants for benefits. Finally, the discussion turns to new policy agendas on social exclusion instigated by the Labour government. What positive difference can such policies make for social service users, their carers and social workers?.     

The Role of Maternal Behavior in the Relation between Shyness and Social Reticence in Early Childhood and Social Withdrawal in Middle Childhood

The moderating effect of maternal behavior in the relations between social reticence and shyness in preschool and subsequent social withdrawal was investigated. Eighty children (47 females) were judged for degree of social reticence during play with unfamiliar peers at the age of four and mothers completed the Colorado child temperament inventory (CCTI). At the age of seven, the children were coded for degree of social withdrawal during peer play and mothers and children were observed during structured and unstructured activities. Two significant interaction effects indicated that maternal report of shyness was a positive predictor of age‐seven social withdrawal when mothers lacked positivity; whereas observed social reticence was associated with higher degrees of social withdrawal when mothers were highly negative. Maternal positivity and negativity differentially influenced the development of social withdrawal in childhood, such that maternal negativity is associated with poor social functioning in children who have an established history of social withdrawal; whereas maternal positivity is associated with better social outcome for preschoolers who are viewed as temperamentally shy.