收入不平等与个体健康——基于2005年中国综合社会调查的实证分析

文章利用2005年中国综合社会调查（CGSS2005）数据与县级社会统计资料,通过拟合多层Logistic回归模型,分析了地区收入不平等程度对个体健康状况的影响,系统检验了绝对收入理论和收入不平等理论。结果表明,即使在控制了个体收入对健康的凹陷效应之后,县级收入不平等程度仍对个体自评健康具有显著的负面影响。对收入不平等影响健康的作用机制的进一步分析表明,社会心理机制仅能部分解释不平等对健康的负面效应,而新唯物主义机制未能得到经验支持。     

地震灾后恢复重建坚持以人为本 解读6月8日发布施行的《汶川地震灾后恢复重建条例》

国务院总理温家宝6月8日签署第526号国务院令,公布《汶川地震灾后恢复重建条例》(以下简称:《条例》),自公布之日起施行。这是我国首个专门针对一个地方地震灾后恢复重建的条例,将灾后恢复重建工作纳入法制化轨道。条例共九章八十条,分为总则、过渡性安置、调查评估、恢复重建规划、恢复重建的实施、资金筹集与政策扶持、监督管理、法律责任、附则等。     

地震灾后恢复重建坚持以人为本——解读6月8日发布施行的《汶川地震灾后恢复重建条例》

国务院总理温家宝6月8日签署第526号国务院令，公布《汶川地震灾后恢复重建条例》（以下简称：《条例》），自公布之日起施行。这是我国首个专门针对一个地方地震灾后恢复重建的条例，将灾后恢复重建工作纳入法制化轨道。条例共九章八十条，分为总则、过渡性安置、调查评估、恢复重建规划、恢复重建的实施、资金筹集与政策扶持、监督管理、法律责任、附则等。     

地区收入不平等与中国居民再分配福利态度——基于CGSS 2015的分析

改革开放以来市场经济的高速发展造成居民收入差异扩大,且收入不平等程度存在明显的地区差异,尤以东部地区的部分省份最为严重。本文基于CGSS 2015年数据,采用单因素方法分析与结构方程模型多群组比较分析,发现居民所在地区的收入不平等程度越高,越支持再分配,且居民再分配福利态度的影响路径在地区收入不平等程度不同的三个群组间存在显著差异。再分配福利态度是提升再分配政策有效性与合法性的社会基础。因此,应积极关注与回应收入不平等较高地区居民的再分配福利态度,加大税收、社保、转移支付等调节力度和精准性,推进共同富裕。     

社会分层与健康不平等的性别差异:基于生命历程的纵向分析

本研究考察在社会分层与性别分层的交互作用下,生命历程中的两个竞争性理论--“累积优势/劣势理论”和“年龄中和效应理论”,哪一个更能解释中国男性和女性所经历的健康不平等。本研究利用“中国健康与营养调查”（CHNS）追踪数据和成长曲线模型发现,性别对社会分层导致的健康不平等及其发展有独特的影响。与男性相比,女性在各个年龄阶段都处于健康劣势,这一劣势是因为女性从教育和收入所获得的健康回报比男性低。此外,女性之间因为教育和收入导致的健康不平等程度随年龄的增长而缩小,男性之间的健康不平等程度并不随年龄的增长而改变,因此,本研究不支持健康不平等的“累积优势/劣势假说”,而是在女性群体中支持“年龄中和效应理论”。     

代际累积与子代住房资源获得的不平等:基于广州的个案分析

本文通过"代际累积"概念探讨了父代住房支持的差异引发的子代住房不平等问题。参考以往通过"优势累积/劣势累积"两条因果路径分析社会不平等的方法和最新文献对累积过程的关注,本研究将弥补以往累积与社会不平等研究忽视代际分析的不足,从因果机制和过程分析两方面推进代际累积对住房不平等的解释。对前者的研究发现,住房制度改革拓宽了个体住房资源获得的渠道,父代家庭对子代的住房支持从无到有、由小变大,其对住房不平等的影响也日渐凸显;对后者的研究表明,代际累积这一因果机制所解释的住房不平等并非稳定不变的,受一些因素的影响,既有累积趋势可能会发生异于原初累积方向的变动,甚至是累积断裂。这一发现弥补了代际优势/劣势累积这一因果机制未能澄清累积过程中波动存在的理论缺憾。     

社会工作介入灾后重建的总结与反思——基于抚州市黎川县德胜镇的灾害社会工作实务

受江西省民政厅委派，南昌航空大学文法学院社会工作系、“心航”社工事务所组织社会工作者赴江西省抚州市黎川县德胜镇建立社会工作站，开展灾害社会工作服务。     

市场转型、教育分流与中国城乡高等教育机会不平等(1977-2008)——兼论重点中学制度是否应该为城乡高等教育机会不平等买单

20世纪90年代以来,城乡间高等教育机会不平等愈演愈烈。本文使用CGSS 2008数据,基于梅尔模型,首先从总体上分析了城乡教育不平等的演进过程,结果发现,城乡间高等教育机会不平等主要肇始于小学升初中和初中升高中两个阶段,而由后者产生的不平等尤为严重。继而,本文对中学阶段升学过程展开专门分析,发现在“课外补习班市场”发育过程中,受益最大的是就读于非重点初中的城镇子弟,正是这类高中候选人与同样就读于非重点初中的农村子弟在市场转型后升学机会差距的迅速扩大,导致在后续高中升大学阶段,虽然高等教育规模一再扩张,城乡居民教育机会的不平等却愈演愈烈。本文还发现,就读于重点中学的城乡子弟间升学机会的不平等并未在市场化后显著增大,因而,本文认为,重点中学制度不应为近年来日益加剧的城乡高等教育机会不平等负责。     

Explaining the perceived justice of disaster relief policy: An empirical study based on the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in China

The Chinese government issued generous relief policies after the Wenchuan Earthquake. However, according to my survey, 20.32 per cent (n = 1,949) of the earthquake victim‐survivors felt that they were treated unfairly in receiving government assistance after the earthquake. In the present study, a perceived justice framework was established to explain the victim‐survivors’ perception of justice of the disaster relief policy in China and several hypotheses were developed. The hypotheses were tested empirically using household survey data of the Wenchuan Earthquake. The empirical study found that perceived justice, which is composed of three dimensions (distributive justice, interpersonal justice and informational justice), could directly assess the effect of the disaster relief policy. The results of the empirical study also demonstrated that the most important principle of the disaster relief policy was ‘need distribution’, which was also the most important factor of perceived justice. The study concluded that it is imperative to improve victim‐survivors’ feeling of fairness, policy information delivery and their expectations management when implementing a disaster relief policy.     

Challenging the exclusion of people with mental illness: the Mental Health Housing and Accommodation Support Initiative (HASI)

Without appropriate support, people with mental illness can be excluded from stable housing and social and community participation. Transitional models of support for people with acute mental illness have addressed clinical symptoms and hospitalisation, but they have not facilitated stable housing and community integration. In contrast, individualised housing models aim to improve mental health, housing and community outcomes. These programs are costly and require collaboration between agencies. This article discusses the evaluation findings of one such program – the NSW Mental Health Housing and Accommodation Support Initiative (HASI). The longitudinal mixed‐method evaluation assessed whether HASI supported people with high levels of psychiatric disability to improve housing, mental health and community participation. We discuss the challenges clients within the program faced prior to joining HASI and the changes experienced while in HASI. We conclude by drawing policy implications for programs supporting people with mental illness to live in the community.     

高等教育扩展与入学机会差异：1978～2003

自1978年中国高考制度恢复以来,社会阶层背景、本人职业位置、高中教育分流、城市等级、性别等因素对不同形式的高等教育入学机会的影响存在着较大差异;自1999年高等教育扩招以来,社会阶层背景的影响出现了两种截然不同的变化态势：优势阶层的教育投资趋向转向正规的大学本科,因而他们在大学本科教育方面的机会优势则出现成倍扩大。同时,受过良好教育的体力劳动者的子代在获得各类高等教育机会时均保持并继续扩大着较高的机会优势。本研究采用GSS2003 数据,分析技术为事件史的Cox 比例风险模型。     

The effect of community organisations’ participation and existence on self-rated health in China: evidence from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

Using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study cross-sectional survey in 2011 with an 80.51% response rate, an endogenous logit model is adopted to account for the relationship between social capital and self-rated health and the heterogeneity from gender, age and marital status on individual self-rated health status. Consequently, social capital at both individual and community levels is found to be positively correlated with better subjective self-rated health status. Furthermore, the social capital’s marginal effect of the male, high-income groups, the married are larger than that of the female, rural residents, low-income groups and the divorced. In addition, interclass correlation value from the partition of the fixed and random effect of social capital is significantly, ranging from 3.0 to 5.49%, indicating a significant proportion of the total variance in self-rated health that can be explained by community-level differences.     

Transitions of Youth in Mental Health Residential Care to Less Restrictive Settings: The Role of Strengths and Gender

ABSTRACT

Changes in youth's behavioral/psychosocial functioning has been found to play an important role in the transitions from mental health residential care to less restrictive settings, and this functioning differs significantly by gender. However, there has been little attention paid to the roles played by psychosocial strength and gender in transitions out of residential care. The current study examined gender differences in the role of strengths in transitions to less restrictive settings using data on 675 youth's admission and discharge records collected from Illinois Residential Treatment Outcome System during 2005–2007 (Mean age = 15 years, SD = 2.0; 57.5% = boys). The results of multivariate logistic regression model indicated that positive recreational activities and lack of chronic illness were related to a higher likelihood of transitions to less restrictive settings among girls, while appropriate sexual development, psychological strengths, and strong spiritual/religious strengths were related to the transitions among boys. This study demonstrates the potential importance of youth strengths in the provision of mental health services and suggests a need to develop models of outcomes that take gender into account. Additional research based on multiple informants including youth self-report is needed to understand the role of gender in transitions out of residential care.     

“反精神医学”的谱系： 精神卫生公共性的历史及其启示

基于对上世纪后半叶以来“反精神医学”历史的考察,本文试图提出反精神医学运动如何影响精神卫生公共性建设的问题。文章结合当时欧美社会民权运动的背景,从“反精神医学”诸种思潮中梳理出其指涉公共性的各个面向,探讨其历史经验与启示。在传统精神医学陷入危机之时,反精神医学的精神卫生观转向以精神病患为主体,其中对“全控机构”的批判和标签论颠覆了传统精神医学的神话,成为“去机构化”意识形态的合力;同时,草根组织的援助改变了被收容者的社会处置方式;巴扎利阿的精神医疗改革则进一步解放了被收容者,其提出的废除精神病院、通过立法保障患者权益的案例,进一步彰显出精神卫生的公共性何以可能的历史经验。在此基础上,文章对精神卫生的公共性所指涉的目标和价值取向、精神卫生改革中的公众参与以及争取合法保障精神卫生相关权益的经验进行了讨论。     

State Gender Inequality,Socioeconomic Status and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in India: A Multilevel Analysis

While a growing body of literature has investigated the health impact of intimate partner violence (IPV), less has been written on the social determinants of IPV. The authors use multilevel modeling methods to analyze data from a sample of 83,627 women in India to examine the socioeconomic and demographic patterning of the state‐ and neighborhood‐level variation in, and the state‐ and/or neighborhood‐level characteristics related to, IPV. This study finds social gradients in IPV in which women who are uneducated, from marginalized castes, and living in poor households have higher likelihood of reporting IPV than those living in advantaged circumstances. The results also show differences in IPV between neighborhoods and between states that are partially explained by state levels of gender inequality. The results suggest that changing cultural norms to promote the status of women and increasing the educational and economic opportunities for all people could decrease the prevalence of IPV.     

Shaping the Future of Mental Health Policy and Legislation in Northern Ireland: The Impact of Service User and Professional Social Work Discourses

This paper explores the complex interrelationship between serviceuser and professional social work discourses and provides acritical commentary on their respective contributions to therecent review of mental health policy and legislation in NorthernIreland. The analysis indicates that dominant trends in mentalhealth care, as mediated through service structures and institutionalidentities, have tended to prioritize the more coercive aspectsof the social work role and reinforce existing power inequalitieswith service users. It is argued that such developments underlinethe need for a ‘re-focusing’ debate in mental healthsocial work to consider how a more appropriate balance can beachieved between its participatory/empowering and regulatory/coercivefunctions. Whilst highlighting both congruence and dissonancebetween respective discourses, the paper concludes that opportunitiesexist within the current change process for service users andsocial workers to build closer alliances in working togetherto reconstruct practice, safeguard human rights and developinnovative alternatives to a traditional bio-medical model oftreatment.     

Socio‐Economic Factors and Mental Health of Young People in India and China: An Elusive Link with Globalization

Globalization and its related social, cultural, and economic changes have significant mental health outcomes for young people. However, mental health disorders among youth are seldom included in the range of problems linked to globalization. It is imperative that these multifaceted associations are considered in light of the substantial and increasing burden of disease caused by mental illness, particularly in Asian countries, which are comparatively young and in next few decades will be the major sources of the growth of world’s young population. The evidence reviewed in this study makes an argument that globalization has increased [relative] poverty and deprivation, social and income inequality, migration, occupational stress, educational competition, and educated unemployment in India and China. Simultaneously there is evidence which shows that these variables are causally linked with mental health of young people. Altogether, these phenomena are accompanied by higher rates of suicide among lower class, migrant, and student youth. This substantiates the proposition that globalization has significant consequences for the mental health of young people. Some interventions for debate and discussion are considered.