俄罗斯少数民族婚俗拾趣

楚科奇人楚科奇人主要居住在俄罗斯马加丹州楚科奇自治专区。从前 ,楚科奇人流行“牧放娶妻”的习俗 ,即小伙子在婚前要到姑娘家帮助干一段时间的活 ,以抵彩礼。然而 ,楚科奇人自己不认为该习俗是做工偿债。姑娘的父亲解释为他想了解未来的女婿是个什么样的人 :是否勤劳 ,是否不怕脏、不怕累 ,能不能养家糊口。经过劳动考察 ,如果姑娘的父亲认为这位小伙子已具备了这些品质和能力 ,就答应把女儿嫁给他。此外 ,从事养鹿和海上狩猎的楚科奇人常常先收一个小伙子为义子 ,然后把自己的女儿嫁给他。过去 ,楚科奇人的婚礼比较简单。新娘在近亲的陪…     

俄罗斯远东土著民族与跨界民族研究

在俄罗斯极北、西伯利亚和远东地区,生活着一些人数很少、语言文化、宗教信仰和经济活动都颇具特色的土著民族,包括涅涅茨人、埃文基人、汉特人、曼西人、埃文人、那乃人、楚科奇人、多尔甘人、科里亚克人、谢尔库普人、乌尔奇人、尼夫赫人、乌德盖人、爱斯基摩人、克特人、萨阿米人、伊捷尔缅人、恩加纳善人、尤卡吉尔人、托法拉尔人、涅吉达尔人、奥罗奇人、奥罗克人、埃涅茨人和阿留申人等25个少数民族,其总人口近20万人。在这一地区跨界而居的民族主要有俄罗斯人、朝鲜人、那乃人(赫哲)、奥罗奇人(鄂伦春)、埃文基人(鄂温克)、满族人、蒙古人、达斡尔人、爱斯基摩人等,这些跨界民族的形成具有深刻的历史原因。     

科里亚克人

科里亚克人是楚科奇人最近的南部邻族。科里亚克语、楚科奇语和伊捷里门语同属古亚细亚语族。科里亚克语和楚科奇语在词汇和形态上特别相近,科里亚克人和楚科奇人能互相理解彼此所说的话。“科里亚克人”这一名称,最早见于17世纪下半叶的俄文文献,源于科里亚克语的“科尔”(鹿)。科里亚克人也分养鹿科里亚克人和沿海科里亚克人。养鹿科里亚克人以前自称“恰夫奇瓦夫”,在民族学文献中被称为“恰夫丘文”。沿海科里亚克人以前自称“内梅尔乌”。苏联印刷品曾广泛使用来源于这一名称的“内梅兰”。现在通用“科里亚克人”,但在地方报刊中还可见到“内梅兰”这一名称①。据1897年人口统计,科里亚克人共     

苏联远东民族精神文化的某些成份

现今苏联远东的土著民族基本上有两支:一支是古亚细亚人,有可能是古秽人的后裔;另一支是通古斯满人,国内外学术界普遍认为是古肃慎人的后代。远东的古亚细亚语民族有:爱斯基摩人、阿留申人、楚克奇人,科里亚克人,伊特里门人,犹加吉尔人,尼福赫人等等;远东的通古斯满语民族有:埃文基人、埃文尼人、涅吉达耳人,那乃人、乌耳奇人、奥罗克人、奥罗奇人、乌德盖人、鄂伦春人等等。他们在长期的生产斗争和社会活动中,不仅创造     

古代北方民族独特的崇熊文化

古代北方民族独特的崇熊文化郝庆云姜艳芳世居大兴安岭南北、黑龙江流域以及鄂霍茨克海沿岸的鄂温克族、鄂伦春族、赫哲族以及乌德赫人、费雅喀、奥罗奇人等北方少数民族对熊都有着特殊的“尊敬”和感情。他们以猎取各种野兽为生，但只有猎获熊之后，才举行一系列的崇拜仪...     

阿穆尔河(黑龙江)下游小民族社会职业结构的变化

一、社会职业结构变化的主要趋势在西伯利亚与远东居住着30个小民旅,人口共100多万,占全西伯利亚人口总数的4%.居住在阿穆尔河下游的小民族有:那乃人(赫哲人)、乌尔奇人、尼夫赫人(费雅喀人)、涅基达尔人、乌德盖人(恰克拉人)和奥罗奇人.在苏维埃政权年代,这些小民族的人口差不多增长了1倍(见表1).这些小民族人口的增长,是和他们向较大居民点集中的过程同时进行的.据洛帕金的调查资料,1915年那乃人的一个村落平均有6户人家(仅3个村     

满-通古斯语族民族的饮食文化

阿尔泰语系满 -通古斯语族民族主要居住在中、俄两国境内 ,共有 1 1个民族 ,① 约 1 0 0 0多万人口。在我国境内有满族、锡伯族、赫哲族、鄂温克族、鄂伦春族等 5个民族 ;在俄罗斯境内有埃文克人 ② (Ｅｖｅｎｋｉ)、埃文人 (Ｅｖｅｎｓ)、涅吉达尔人 (Ｎｅｇｉｄａｌ)、那乃人 (Ｎａｎａｉｔｓ)、乌尔奇人(Ｕｌｃｈｉｓ)、乌德盖人 (Ｕｄｅｇｅｉａｎｓ)、奥罗克人 (Ｏｒｏｋｓ)、奥罗奇人 (Ｏｒｏｃｈｉｓ)等 8个民族。我国的满 -通古斯语族民族主要分布在黑龙江流域大、小兴安岭地区 ,包括东北三省和内蒙古自治区等地。俄罗斯的满 -通古…     

改革与北方小民族的命运

在我国的最北方和西伯利亚,生活着人数非常稀少的民族(见表)。这就是:涅涅茨人(不超过3万);埃文克人、汉蒂人(总共2万多);埃文人、纳乃人、楚克奇人(从1万到1.6万);多尔甘人、科里亚克人、曼西人(从0.5万到1万);谢尔库普人、乌尔奇人、尼夫赫人、萨阿米人、乌德盖人、爱斯基摩人(从1.5千到4.5千);克特人、伊捷尔缅人、普查未统计的楚万人(从1千到1.5千);恩加纳桑人、尤卡吉尔人、托法拉尔人、阿留申人、涅吉达尔人、奥罗奇人(从500到900人);埃涅茨人、奥罗克人(从300到500人)。这是在起源方面与该地区相联系的本地居民。其中每一个都有自己古老的奇特文化和语言。     

俄境黑龙江下游通古斯满语民族原始信仰中的凶神

俄境黑龙江下游通古斯满语民族原始信仰中的凶神瑶一琳俄境黑龙江下游通古斯满语民族，我们在这里主要指那乃人（即俄境的赫哲人）和乌耳奇人。在这些民族看来，整个宇宙无时无论不为神灵所主宰。这些神灵的外表、作用、特点以及与人的关系亦不尽相同。其中，一些神灵主要...     

黑龙江省打造北方民族文化主题公园研究

黑龙江省民族文化旅游资源十分丰富且独特,但全省面积广阔且各个少数民族分布距离较远,不利于旅游者对黑龙江省的民族文化观光和体验。民族文化主题公园可以将分散在黑龙江省各地的民族文化风情在主题公园内集中展现,游客可以集约式体验黑龙江的民族文化风俗。本文首先介绍了民族文化主题公园的概念,然后阐释了民族主题公园在民族文化保护、传承、发展等方面的平台作用,分析了黑龙江省对打造北方民族文化主题公园的客观因素并给出了黑龙江省在打造民族文化主题公园的几条建议。     

论马克思主义民族理论的历史发展

马克思、恩格斯就民族、民族问题提出了一些基本的理论观点。列宁继承了马、恩有关民族问题的辩证观点,创立了殖民地民族解放运动学说。斯大林发展了在一国之内解决民族问题的理论和政策体系。二战以后形成了社会主义阵营,其民族理论和政策分化为以苏联、中国和南斯拉夫为代表的三种模式。由于民族理论和政策上的失误,是20世纪90年代初期导致前苏联和东欧社会主义国家解体的重要原因之一。     

关于民族精神的几点分析

本文对民族精神的几个基本理论问题作了分析。文章认为 ,民族精神概念的提出是西方民族主义理论形成过程中的一个重要成果 ,并且从一开始就与对国家利益的追求和推崇联系了起来。民族精神是民族活力、民族积极的价值取向和社会信念、健康的民族意识、鲜明的民族性格四者有机的统一 ,它是人类精神文明的具体构成 ,集中表现于各民族特定的历史事件和人物、特定的文化现象和历史遗存之中。     

Images of 1812: Ivan Terebenev and the Russian Wartime Lubok

This article explores the articulation of national identity in Russia during the Napoleonic Wars. It examines this expression by focusing on the work of Ivan Terebenev, who produced 48 popular prints known as ‘lubki’ between 1812 and 1815. These images represented one of the first attempts by a Russian artist to redefine Russian national identity in the wake of Napoleon's invasion. By mocking the French emperor and emphasising the strengths of the Russian peasants, Cossacks and the Russian spirit in his images, Terebenev established themes that would continue to appear in prints in future Russian wars. Moreover, this article focuses on the reception of these images in Russia as a means of exploring how Russians who encountered them thought about their Russianness. Terebenev's images of 1812, as this article concludes, left a lasting impression on Russian visual culture and national identity.     

人口流动对民族地区文化保护和发展影响研究

民族地区的传统文化形态表现出一定的相似性:即民族语言、习惯法和组织法、原始宗教等,有形文化遗产资源丰富,无形文化遗产几乎无所不在。人口流动促进民族地区文化的文明程度快速提高;加强民族间的相互了解,促进了民族文化的交流与融合。但这也使得人文地貌趋同化,行为方式功利化,文化传承断层化,民族特征削弱化。民族文化保护应采取以下策略:构建民族间人口流动的良好环境;推进民族教育与文化的和谐发展;均衡保护有形文化遗产和无形文化遗产;唤醒民族内部的文化自我保护意识。     

从局部贫困到全面小康--民族地区小康建设的思考

文章认为我国民族地区面临着严峻的局部贫困现实,摆脱贫困、实现总体小康是摆在我们面前的艰巨任务.因此,民族地区在进行全面小康社会建设过程中,必须做到尽快解决温饱问题;防止因灾返贫、因病返贫;物质文明、精神文明、政治文明、生态文明一起抓.     

社会主义政治文明与民族区域自治

本文论述了社会主义政治文明与民族区域的关系 ,认为民族区域自治是中国共产党人的政治创举 ,是社会主义政治文明的重要组成部分 ,是我国的重要政治优势 ,在实行民族区域自治的政治实践中 ,要坚持落实自治依法治国。     

考古学所见西藏文明的历史轨迹

本文从考古学的视角对西藏古代文明发生、发展的历史轨迹进行了观察与勾勒,分别从西藏远古时代人类活动及其遗存、西藏古代文明的初步发展、吐蕃王朝时期藏文化的形成与发展这三个主要历史阶段,讨论了西藏文明与中原文明之间的关系,对其和周边地区、民族之间的交流互动等问题也提出了新的看法。     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

中国传统文化的核心——政治至上

中国传统文化最主要的特征就是泛政治化。政治影响、制约社会生活的各个方面,生活政治化,文化政治化,政治意识是民族精神的主体。政治迷信经久不衰,君主崇拜源远流长,政治万能深入人心。反政治权威的文化难成气候,无所作为,日趋边缘化。     

探析俄汉礼节语言的民族文化差异

俄汉礼节语言的民族差异是两种文化价值观差异的反映。在汉文化中,独特的中华传统和民族文化形成了中国特色的复杂的礼节语言体系。在俄文化中,礼节语言明显带有简单化、模式化和抽象化的特点,这同俄罗斯民族的思维方式密切相关。