挑战-阻碍性压力源与工作投入和满意度的关系

工作压力一直受到实践者和研究者关注,是组织行为和人力资源管理等学科研究的重要问题.以中国企业员工为样本,采用探索性和验证性因子分析法对挑战性压力源和阻碍性压力源的二维结构观点进行检验,运用层级回归分析方法分析这两类压力源与员工工作投入和整体工作满意度的关系.研究结果表明,压力源的二维结构同样适合于中国企业员工样本,并不是所有的压力源都会带来消极影响,挑战性压力源与员工的工作投入和整体工作满意度显著正相关,而阻碍性压力源与员工工作投入和整体满意度显著负相关.最后对研究结果和未来研究方向进行讨论和说明,该结果不仅在一定程度上丰富了压力管理研究内容,也为企业的管理实践提供指导思想.     

调节焦点视角下工作压力对员工创造力的影响

基于调节焦点理论,本研究探讨了促进型调节焦点在挑战性工作压力和员工创造力之间、防御型调节焦点在阻碍性工作压力和员工创造力之间所起的中介作用,并根据社会信息处理理论,进一步探究了参与型领导在此过程中的调节作用。通过对202份调查问卷进行统计分析,得出以下研究结论:(1)挑战性工作压力能够诱发员工的促进型调节焦点,阻碍性工作压力能够诱发员工的防御型调节焦点;(2)促进型调节焦点在挑战性工作压力与员工创造力之间起中介作用,即挑战性工作压力通过增强促进型调节焦点继而提高员工创造力,防御型调节焦点在阻碍性工作压力与员工创造力之间的没有起到中介作用;(3)参与型领导增强了挑战性工作压力与促进型调节焦点之间的正向关系,并在这个模型中起调节作用;(4)参与型领导削弱了阻碍性工作压力与防御型调节焦点之间的正向关系,但并没有在整个模型中起到调节作用。以上研究为"如何使员工在沉重的工作压力下提高创造力"等问题提供了一个新的解释,具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

高压力工作情境下伦理型领导提升员工工作绩效和满意感的过程机制研究

本研究基于资源保存理论,旨在探讨高压力工作情境下,伦理型领导影响员工工作绩效和满意感的过程机制。研究采用两轮问卷调查的方式,以来自40个媒体节目团队的152名媒体从业人员作为研究对象。研究结果显示:(1)伦理型领导能够显著减少员工的挑战性和阻断性压力源;(2)挑战性和阻断性压力源对伦理型领导与心理授权、压力感知、公正感知间关系起到显著的中介效应;(3)心理授权、压力感知和公正感知对挑战性和阻断性压力源与员工工作绩效和满意度间关系起到显著的中介效应。文章最后讨论了本研究的理论意义和实践启示。     

工作重塑对工作投入的影响：过程机制及情境因素

基于工作要求——资源理论,针对工作重塑对工作投入影响过程机制及情境因素进行研究。结果显示,增加工作资源、增加挑战性工作要求和减少阻碍性要求分别对工作投入产生不同影响。将不同维度的工作重塑区分为趋近型和回避型两种类型并对中介变量和调节变量进行分析。工作重塑可以通过影响人岗匹配、工作依恋、心理资本和工作意义来影响工作投入,同事支持及职业角色显著性对工作重塑和工作投入之间的关系产生调节作用。同时,提出未来研究展望：从策略组合的角度理解工作重塑、研究员工工作重塑对其他人的影响、关注工作重塑的负面作用及增加对调节变量的研究、探讨基于内动机的工作重塑对工作投入产生的差异性影响。     

展厅现象下的销售人员创造力研究——一个有调节的双中介模型

随着零售业的多渠道化以及移动电子技术的快速发展,消费者的展厅现象日趋普遍,并严重冲击实体商店的绩效。研究从JD-R模型的视角,探索这一变革对销售人员的影响,以及能够帮助他们更好应对这一变革的因素。通过245份来自零售业销售人员的问卷调查,研究发现展厅现象同时增加了销售人员的挑战性和阻碍性压力,并且挑战性压力增强了他们的创造力,而阻碍性压力则降低了创造力;客户导向加强了挑战性压力的中介作用,减弱了阻碍性压力的中介作用;创造力促进了销售绩效。     

挑战-阻碍性压力源对创业者机会评估的影响机制研究

基于积极情绪的拓展-建构理论与情感事件理论，将创业激情、心理距离与家庭支持纳入个体不同效价压力源对创业机会评估的影响理论模型。基于“压力-情绪-认知-行为”的路径，发掘不同情绪体验对创业机会评估的影响，明晰其中作用机理。采用313份创业者问卷调研数据进行实证检验。结果表明：挑战性压力源能促进创业者激情的产生进而积极地评估创业机会，而阻碍性压力源则通过加大创业者对机会心理距离的感知，负面影响创业机会评估。家庭支持减弱了挑战性压力源与创业激情、阻碍性压力源与心理距离间的正向关系。本研究拓宽了积极情绪的拓展-建构理论的应用领域，揭开了不同效价压力源与创业机会评估的内部作用机制，从工作-家庭视角深入探究了家庭支持在创业过程中的负面效应，为创业者在创业初期应对创业压力提供了有益参考。     

领导如何激励下属承担挑战性强的工作

老鼠给猫挂铃铛,形容啃硬骨头、挑重担子。一项极具挑战性的工作,如若无人敢于承担和完成,即使想法再好,工作也难以落实,目标也无法实现。作为领导干部,该如何激励下属承担和完成挑战性强的工作?这个话题引人思考。笔者认为,要重点把握以下几点。一要放下架子,学会尊重。尊重是一种最人性化、人本化的领导方式,也是最有效的激励手段之一。以尊重、重视下属的方式来激励他们承担并完成任务,其作用远比物质上的激励要来得更持久、更有效。现实工作中我们不难发现,     

重要数据跨境流动背景下风险路径的识别与分级

重要数据的跨境流动引发了数据安全、国家安全等风险挑战。风险路径的识别和分级是对重要数据跨境流动进行预警管理的重要内容。本文基于复杂网络中的二分网络模型,对重要数据的跨境流动进行研究。首先,通过重要数据跨境流动的二分网络和关联网络识别风险路径;其次,构建基于网络结构和接收节点属性的目标风险路径方法以计算其风险值;最后,对我国某重要行业跨境流动的数据开展实证分析,验证算法的有效性和精准度。本文旨在为重要数据跨境流动的预警管理提供量化方法,有效预防重要数据跨境流动带来的风险,提升我国数据治理能力。     

影响单位人际信任的组织亚文化及其管控策略

组织亚文化容易引发单位人际信任危机,主要有漫天许诺、敷衍搪塞、夸赞吹捧、滋事造谣等表征,会引发人际信任危机,削弱单位整体软实力。领导者应当塑造积极健康的组织主流文化,建立健全各项约束奖惩举措,推进组织信任修复机制建设,以有效管控组织亚文化。     

单位领导与下属相互不理解的根由与化解策略

单位领导与下属在日常工作中由于沟通渠道不通畅、授权担责不适度、奖惩措施不完善,往往会出现心存隔阂、政令不畅、人浮于事的情况,导致工作氛围不融洽、执行力变差、单位业绩下滑,出现上级主管部门和本单位干部职工都不满意的局面。对此,单位领导要注重有效沟通,营造人人想干事的工作氛围;健全工作制度,搭建人人能干事的工作平台;完善评价体系,形成人人干成事的工作机制。     

心理资本与情绪劳动策略、工作倦怠的关系研究

基于积极心理学的视角引入心理资本探索员工的工作倦怠问题.以个体心理资本作为工作倦怠的抑制因素和情绪劳动策略的前因变量,探讨心理资本对工作倦怠和情绪劳动策略的直接效应以及情绪劳动策略对心理资本与工作倦怠关系的中介作用.选取呼叫中心的客服代表作为研究对象,考察员工心理资本与情绪劳动策略、工作倦怠之间的关系.通过大规模问卷调查,得到800份有效问卷,在相关分析的基础上进行系列结构方程统计分析.研究结果表明,心理资本对工作倦怠的各维度有显著负向影响,心理资本对情绪劳动策略中的表层行为有显著的负向影响,对被动深层行为和主动深层行为有显著正向影响,心理资本对工作倦怠的直接效应远大于情绪劳动策略对心理资本与工作倦怠间的中介效应.研究结果为探讨工作倦怠问题提供了新的视角,组织可以直接通过心理资本干预员工的工作倦怠.     

迷雾中的抉择:创新背景下企业管理者悖论应对策略与路径研究

随着企业创新活动的不断深入,管理者如何感知和应对悖论,从而进行有效的探索式创新与利用式创新的问题一直悬而未决。本文从意义建构视角出发,以公安部第三研究所作为案例研究对象,通过扎根理论分析建构出管理者悖论应对策略选择的具体过程。研究发现:(1)当管理者进行矛盾处理时,可以采取整合型和分离型两种应对策略。(2)管理者对于竞争需求的注意力配置影响其悖论应对策略选择。当管理者对竞争需求的注意力配置不平衡,将采取分离式悖论应对策略;当对竞争需求的注意力配置平衡时,管理者的悖论应对策略选择受到资源冗余程度的影响。(3)当注意力配置均衡时,管理者受资源冗余或匮乏两类情形影响会呈现出两种不同应对策略。当组织资源冗余时,管理者对于组织悖论感知较弱,会形成分离型悖论应对策略;而资源匮乏时,管理者对组织悖论的感知较强,但所采取的悖论应对策略受悖论思维的影响。(4)当管理者悖论的感知较强时,若管理者具有悖论思维,并产生积极型应对倾向,将采取整合型应对策略;若管理者不具有悖论思维,将产生防御型悖论应对倾向,采取分离型应对策略。本文研究成果丰富了领导行为相关理论,同时对管理者应对组织悖论具有指导意义。     

怎样优化部属的责任心

有三个石匠在雕凿一件石器,有人问他们这是在干什么.甲说:"这是我们的职业."乙说:"这是一件艺术品."丙说:"我们是为了建设大厦而工作."     

Distribution Planning to Optimize Profits in the Motion Picture Industry

We consider the distribution planning problem in the motion picture industry. This problem involves forecasting theater‐level box office revenues for a given movie and using these forecasts to choose the best locations to screen a movie. We first develop a method that predicts theater‐level box office revenues over time for a given movie as a function of movie attributes and theater characteristics. These estimates are then used by the distributor to choose where to screen the movie. The distributor's location selection problem is modeled as an integer programming‐based optimization model that chooses the location of theaters in order to optimize profits. We tested our methods on realistic box office data and show that it has the potential to significantly improve the distributor's profits. We also develop some insights into why our methods outperform existing practice, which are crucial to their successful practical implementation.     

Reconsidering Work–Life Balance Debates: Challenging Limited Understandings of the ‘Life’ Component in the Context of Ethnic Minority Women's Experiences

This article argues for a broader, more diverse approach to the ‘life’ component of the work–life balance equation. This is discussed within the context of ethnic minority women's experiences of balancing their work and personal life, contending that there are restrictions in our understanding of lives that may fall outside the standard white western model. A key aim of this work is to question existing understandings of work–life balance debates that focus almost exclusively on gender and childcare, ignoring issues around ethnicity, culture and religion. A social constructionist framework was adopted for this study, which acknowledges an interaction between structure, culture and agency. Primary data were collected in the form of semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 26 minority female participants, 15 ethnic minority men, eight white women and six white men, all employed across a range of industries and occupations. Although the focus of this paper primarily lies with ethnic minority women's experiences, data from ethnic minority men, white women and men are incorporated in the analysis where appropriate or useful. The empirical data have indicated that both white and ethnic minority women struggle with balancing work and personal life demands to a greater extent than their male counterparts. However, an ethnicity or cultural dimension was apparent, as ethnic minority women often had to deal with additional cultural, community or religious demands. It is argued, nevertheless, that a deeper understanding of the diversity within groups is necessary to avoid essentializing experiences and needs. By acknowledging different forms of life, a more realistic analysis can take place which can inform organizational policy and practice.     

The Process of Job Creation and Job Destruction in the Italian Economy

ABSTRACT: Longitudinal analysis of labour flows provides a number of important indications on the characteristics of job creation and job destruction in the Italian economy, and on the role played by small firms in this process. The main indications may be summarized as follows: 1)the ratio of total separations to total work-force is remarkably high, and almost completely independent of the business cycle: one out of four workers leaves his/her position each year in the economy at large. In the small firms sector alone turnover is much higher, with total separations almost approaching 50|X% of employment; 2)as the economy takes a downturn, it is mainly the number of jobs created through expansion of existing firms that follows this cycle, while separations remain roughly constant; 3)the proportion of jobs created via the establishment of new firms is modest compared to that attributable to the expansion of existing plants (16.0-14.491)). Likewise, the proportion of job losses due to closures visi vis employment shedding by contracting firms, is of the same order of magnitude; 4)job creation and destruction is very high in the small firm sector. Employment in firms of dimension (0-19) is 25.8 % of total employment at the beginning of the observation period (1978) and reaches 28% at its end (1984). Yet the proportion of job creation attributable to small firms is approximately 60% of the new positions due to expansion of existing firms in manufacturing, and 68% in the services. The fraction of jobs destroyed by small firms is somewhat lower: about 46% in manufacturing and 59% in the services; 5)he small firms contribution to net job creation appears even more remarkable both in the aggregate, as well as within all sectors of economic activity and geographical areas. In 1978-80 net employment change in manufacturing is 106,000 units per year; correspondingly net job creation by firms (0-19) is alone 222,000. In the services the proportion between net employment change and the share of the small firms is 1:3. In 1981-83, while in manufacturing over 213,000 jobs are destroyed on average each year, net creation by small firms is still positive (+ 48,000); in the services the overall change is very small (+ 3,000), while the net contribution of small firms is + 53,000.