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1.
Bruce R. Kingma 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1997,8(2):135-148
Burton Weisbrod's 1975 article, Toward a theory of the voluntary non-profit sector in a three-sector economy, models non-profit
organisations as suppliers of public goods which are undersupplied by government to heterogeneous populations. This article
examines the implications, extensions and empirical tests of the Weisbrod theory. It also examines the theories of pure and
impure altruism, the heterogeneity hypothesis, and the various ‘publicness’ indexes of non-profit output. The commonalities
between the public good model and the trustworthiness model of non-profit organisations are also explored.
He is also a Research Associate of the Mandel Center for Nonprofit Organizations at Case Western Reserve University. 相似文献
2.
Alasdair Marshall Richard Telofski Udechukwu Ojiako Maxwell Chipulu 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2012,23(2):371-391
The purpose of this article is to develop a theory which frames the demands of civil society in such a way as to better enable
corporate subjects to manage and navigate ‘irregular’ engagement from activist organizations. Activist NGOs engage in advocacy
at times by mounting, facilitating or encouraging popular social campaigns and actions against targeted corporations. In many
cases, radical ‘direct action’ tactics are adopted, taking such approaches, NGOs may capitalise on the broader, more ethically
diverse strategic possibilities open to them than are available to their corporate adversaries. We employ institutional theory
to map out this asymmetric distribution of strategic possibility. We theorise NGOs and corporate subjects as effectively ‘competing’
with one another to maximise their own strategic possibilities and to minimise those of their opponents, in the perennial
battle for hearts and minds that plays out between NGOs, corporate subjects, and broader civil society actors who ultimately
determine boundary rules for NGO-corporate conflict. Within this context we explore the normative challenge arising from the
possibility that corporate subjects might seek to tip the competitive balance by learning from how the military has adapted
to successfully engage with ‘irregular’ adversaries through what is often termed ‘asymmetric’ or ‘irregular’ warfare. Should
corporations follow a similar adaptive process, by mirroring the ‘irregular’ strategies of activist groups? Drawing evidence
from the military experience, we suggest—perhaps counter intuitively—that such adaptations can create new opportunities for
conflict resolution and for building sustainable cooperation between former adversaries. 相似文献
3.
This article argues that Alfred Chandler's analysis of the British firm cannot be transposed to the very different context
of non-profit organisations in Britain. Both in relation to charitable non-profit organisations and mutual benefit organisations,
Chandler's theory of the development of firms does not help explain organisational development. The main thrust of the argument
is that the explanation for the smaller size of charitable non-profits in Britain than in America is largely institutional
and partly socio-cultural; the explanation does not lie in any failure in Britain to adopt new techniques of management and
organisation. With mutual benefit non-profits, a rather different account is presented. ‘Mutuals’ which had a strong fraternal
element were relatively more successful in Britain than in America, although there is less difference between the two countries
with regard to ‘non-fraternal’ mutuals. Once again, it is argued that institutional and socio-cultural factors—rather than
the factors identified by Chandler—account for this.
I wish to thank Desmond King for his helpful comments on an earlier version of this essay. 相似文献
4.
Michael Krashinsky 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1997,8(2):149-161
This article examines and organises the economic literature dealing with non-profit institutions using the concept of ‘stakeholders’.
In general, the literature identifies conflicts between various groups of stakeholders and then proceeds in two very different
directions. The first is supportive of the non-profit sector, suggesting that non-profit organisations resolve those conflicts
more effectively than other types of institutions. This provides a positive theory of the non-profit sector, explaining that
non-profit institutions evolve when they are more effective in providing a particular good or service than other possible
institutional arrangements. The second direction is more critical of the non-profit sector, suggesting that those conflicts
will persist in non-profit institutions and will require some kind of resolution, including perhaps government intervention.
Of course, a stakeholder approach to non-profit theory focuses on conflict and ignores some other views of the sector. 相似文献
5.
The object of this paper is to propose a consistency test for an individual involved in collective choice process. Collective choice processes considered in the paper are those that
transform individuals ‘tastes’– which reflect the self-interested view point of the individuals – into (social) ranking of alternatives. In addition to
her tastes, an individual has values about the way by which collective decision should be made. We distinguish two categories of such values. First, there are
end-values that restrict the class of social rankings that the individual considers ethically acceptable. Second there are aggregation-values that specify the way by which the social ranking should depend upon the individuals tastes. The consistency test stands on
an hypothetical operation of universalization of the individual tastes to everyone. Five illustrations of the potential usefulness of our approach for interpreting social
choice theory and welfare economics are proposed. These illustrations deal with utilitarian aggregation in the presence of
income inequality aversion, the so-called ‘ethics of responsibility’ and the aggregation of individual ranking of opportunity
sets based on their freedom of choice. A discussion of the relevance of the consistency test for addressing the problem of
‘laundering’ individual preferences is also provided.
Received: 25 June 1998/Accepted: 16 March 1999 相似文献
6.
This paper responds to the ‘soft paternalist’ argument that the findings of behavioural economics make traditional objections
to paternalism incoherent. We show that there is a normatively significant sense in which, even if individuals lack coherent
preferences, competitive markets are efficient in providing them with opportunities to get what they want. Extending earlier
analysis by Sugden, we model a multi-period ‘storage economy’ and explore the implications of dynamically inconsistent preferences.
We show that, despite apparent conflicts of judgement between an individual’s ‘selves’, competitive markets provide maximal
opportunity, and that they do so by facilitating voluntary exchanges between selves. 相似文献
7.
Michele Lombardi 《Social Choice and Welfare》2008,31(2):271-279
I study necessary and sufficient conditions for a choice function to be rationalized in the following sense: there exists
a total asymmetric relation T (a tournament) such that, for each feasible (finite) set, the choice set coincides with the uncovered set of T restricted to that feasible set. This notion of ‘maximization’ offers testable restrictions on observable choice behavior. 相似文献
8.
Joanne Lloyd Helen Doll Keith Hawton William H. Dutton John R. Geddes Guy M. Goodwin Robert D. Rogers 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2010,26(3):387-399
In order to learn about the behaviours and health experiences of people who gamble on the Internet, we conducted an international
online survey with respondents recruited via gambling and gambling-related websites. The mean (SD) age of the 4,125 respondents
completing the survey was 35.5 (11.8) years, with 79.1% being male and 68.8% UK residents. Respondents provided demographic
details and completed validated psychometric screening instruments for problem gambling, mood disturbances, as well as alcohol
and substance misuse, and history of deliberate self harm. We applied latent class analysis to respondents’ patterns of regular
online gambling activities, and identified subgroups of individuals who used the Internet to gamble in different ways (L
2 = 44.27, bootstrap P = 0.07). We termed the characteristic profiles as ‘non-to-minimal gamblers’; ‘sports bettors’; ‘casino & sports gamblers’;
‘lottery players’; and ‘multi-activity gamblers’. Furthermore, these subgroups of respondents differed on other demographic
and psychological dimensions, with significant inter-cluster differences in proportion of individuals scoring above threshold
for problem gambling, mood disorders and substance misuse, and history of deliberate self harm (all Χ
2s > 23.4, all P-values <0.001). The ‘casino & sports’ and ‘multi-activity-gamblers’ clusters had the highest prevalence of mental disorder.
Internet gamblers appear to be heterogeneous but composed of several subgroups, differing markedly on both demographic and
clinical characteristics. 相似文献
9.
In recent years, there has been increasing awareness of the importance of formal measures of voting power and of the relevance
of such measures to real life political issues. Nevertheless, existing measures have been criticized, especially because of
their dependence on the unrealistic assumption that different coalitions have equal probabilities. In this paper we show that
the classical problem of measuring voting power can be naturally embedded in information theory. This perspective on voting
power allows us to extend measures of voting power to cases in which there are dependencies among voters. In doing so, we
distinguish between two different notions of a given voter’s power—‘control’ and ‘informativeness’—corresponding, respectively,
to the average uncertainty regarding the outcome of a vote that remains when all others have voted and the average uncertainty
that is eliminated when only the given voter has voted. This distinction settles a number of well-known paradoxes and enables
the study of voting power on the basis of actual political behavior at all levels. 相似文献
10.
For decades Durkheim’s theory of suicide has been tested and found wanting. Yet, rather than being consigned to the dust-bin
of history, it lives on and is pointed to as an exemplar of the powers of sociological theory and research. If this rationalizing
and/or dismissal of so many falsifications of the theory were an isolated phenomenon, it might be evidence of some lemming-like
propensity for suicide or a disciplinary death-wish, among a few sociologists. But it appears to be a much more widespread
and common occurrence. In this paper we explore some possible explanations of this ‘falsification denial’—‘The Social Misconstruction
of Reality’ (Hamilton 1996), ‘When Prophecy Fails’ (Festinger et al. 1956), ‘Underdetermination’ (Duhem 1954; Quine Journal of Philosophy 67:178–183, 1970, Erkenntnis 9:313–328, 1975; Lakatos 1970), and ‘Boundary Maintenance’ (Erikson 1966), and we outline some of the more important and pernicious consequences of this falsification denial for the discipline and
future of sociology. 相似文献
11.
The Impact of Minimum-Wage Increases: Evidence from Fast-food Establishments in Illinois and Indiana
Elizabeth T. Powers 《Journal of Labor Research》2009,30(4):365-394
Fast-food establishments in Illinois and Indiana were surveyed during a period of state-mandated minimum-wage increases in
Illinois. While entry-level wages of Illinois establishments rose substantially in response to the mandated increases, there
is little evidence that Illinois establishments ameliorated wage increases by delaying scheduled raises or reducing fringe
benefit offerings. There is little evidence of ‘labor-labor’ substitution in favor of women, better educated, or teenaged
workers, or increased worker tenure at the new wage, but weak evidence of increased food prices. In contrast, there are large
declines in part-time positions and workers’ hours in Illinois relative to Indiana. Aggregate figures from the Bureau of Labor
Statistics support relative declines in total fast-food employment in ‘downstate’ Illinois counties, as hypothesized. However,
establishments’ responses do not appear proportionate to the strength of the minimum wage change. 相似文献
12.
This paper re-examines the so-called ‘chairman’s paradox‘ that was first noticed by Farquharson in his path breaking tract
on sophisticated voting, Theory of Voting (1969). The Chairman’s paradox is concerned with the case of a three member committee in which a particular player who has
a regular and a tie-breaking vote – the ‘chairman’ – not only will do worse in specific instances under the plurality procedure
for three alternatives than if he did not have such a vote, but will also do worse overall. That is, the chairman’s a priori probability of success (‘getting what one wants’) for all possible games with linear (strict) preference orders is lower than that of the two regular members. It is demonstrated that this result, which comes
about if voters act strategically rather than sincerely, is not as robust as it has been thought to be. By merely replacing
the standard assumption of linear preference orders with weak preference orders, which allow for indifference, we can escape from the paradox for the canonical case of three players and
three alternatives. With weak preference orders, the a priori success of the chairman is now greater than that of the other two players. We also point to a new paradox of sophisticated voting. 相似文献
13.
Ed Sleebos Naomi Ellemers Dick de Gilder 《Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung》2007,38(3):327-342
The current article explains the motives underlying respect-and disrespect induced group-serving efforts. Research showed
that intra-group respect increases individuals’ engagement with their group and subsequent intentions to show group-serving
efforts. We refer to this process as ‘the group-focused motive’. Based on a recent program of research on actual effort and
performance evaluations, we conclude that respect-induced group-serving efforts are not only due to enhanced engagement with
the group. In addition, we posit that behavioral motivations can also stem from self-focused concerns — we refer to these
as ‘self-focused motives’. We argue that the perception of being respected boosts the self-evaluation of individual group
members. Maintenance of this positive self-evaluation, together with respect-induced enhanced self-confidence, can cause individuals
to show more contextual performance. Finally, when individuals are disrespected, this impacts negatively on their self-perception.
As a result, these individuals show group-serving efforts in an attempt to re-establish their self-worth, and this occurs
relatively independently of improvement concerns for the group.
Dick de Gilder (TC.de.Gilder@fsw.vu.nl) currently is associate professor of organizational behavior at the VU University in Amsterdam. He studied at the University
of Amsterdam and received his Ph.D. from the University of Groningen, The Netherlands. His research interests include organizational
commitment, error management, and research management. 相似文献
14.
Arif Mamun 《Journal of Family and Economic Issues》2012,33(1):53-68
This paper provides new evidence on the increase in wage earnings for men due to marriage and cohabitation (in the literature,
commonly referred to as marital and cohabitation wage premiums for men). Using data for a sample of white men from the National
Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, the paper shows that even after accounting for potential selection bias there is a cohabitation
wage premium for men, albeit smaller than the marriage premium. Our analysis shows that a joint human capital hypothesis (a la Benham in J Polit Econ 82(2, Part 2):S57–71, 1974) with intra-household spillover effects of partner’s education can explain the existence of the wage premiums. Our estimates
provide some empirical support for the joint human capital hypothesis. 相似文献
15.
This paper reviews the main bodies of contemporary urban sustainability theory. From this analysis, two underpinning paradigms
of urban sustainability are identified: (1) The ‘Human Exemptionalism Paradigm’ (HEP), which emphasizes the ability of humans
to overcome environmental problems—see Urban Sociology, Urban Ecology, Urban Geography, Urban Psychology and Political Economy;
and (2) The ‘New Ecological Paradigm’ (NEP), which emphasizes the criticality of ecological limits to human progress—see Urban
Metabolism, Energy/Emergy Analysis and Ecological Footprinting. Each of these approaches is critically reviewed, highlighting
their main assumptions, theoretical and practical foci. It is argued in the paper that if the related issues of urban sustainability
and development are to be progressed, there needs to be: (1) a greater maturation of the NEP approaches, which are ‘relative
newcomers’ to the area of urban theory; and (2) greater integration and dialogue between the HEP and NEP approaches to urban
sustainability than has hitherto been the case.
相似文献
Murray G. PattersonEmail: |
16.
Based on the problems of Global Education Assistance to Africa (GEAA), and combined with China’s rationale and practice of
Education Assistance to Africa, this paper proposes a vision and assumption to improve the GEAA, that is, using the assistance
rationale of ‘Africa-based’, ‘equal-relationship’, and ‘mutual-benefits’, through ‘multi-stakeholders cooperation’, ‘multi-modes
operation’, and ‘multi-goals achievement’ to build one ‘harmonious world’. 相似文献
17.
Geometric models of consistent judgement aggregation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Marcus Pivato 《Social Choice and Welfare》2009,33(4):559-574
Given a set of propositions with unknown truth values, a ‘judgement aggregation function’ is a way to aggregate the personal
truth-valuations of a group of voters into some ‘collective’ truth valuation. We introduce the class of ‘quasimajoritarian’
judgement aggregation functions, which includes majority vote, but also includes some functions which use different voting
schemes to decide the truth of different propositions. We show that if the profile of individual beliefs satisfies a condition
called ‘value restriction’, then the output of any quasimajoritarian function is logically consistent; this directly generalizes
the recent work of Dietrich and List (Majority voting on restricted domains. Presented at SCW08; see , 2007b). We then provide two sufficient conditions for value-restriction, defined geometrically in terms of a lattice ordering
or a metric structure on the set of individuals and propositions. Finally, we introduce another sufficient condition for consistent
majoritarian judgement aggregation, called ‘convexity’. We show that convexity is not logically related to value-restriction. 相似文献
18.
Julia Naskrent Philipp Siebelt 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2011,22(4):757-778
Due to certain developments in the business of fundraising, there exists an increasing necessity to theoretically and empirically
analyze donor behavior. This article examines donor retention from the donor’s point of view. It concretizes four antecedents
and their relationships with one another. The influencing variables investigated are commitment, trust, satisfaction, and
involvement. The empirical analysis conducted in Germany among donors of four representative social non-profit organizations
shows that all variables have an influence on donor retention, although some of them only indirectly. 相似文献
19.
Keith Doubt 《The American Sociologist》1989,20(3):252-262
A short story titled “‘Color Trouble’” by Harold Garfinkel was published inOpportunity in 1940,The Best Short Stories 1941, andPrimer for White Folks in 1945. Garfinkel wrote this short story before World War II while a research fellow at the University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill under Howard W. Odum, the founder ofSocial Forces “‘Color Trouble’” narrates poignantly the racial victimization of a young black woman traveling on a public bus through the
State of Virginia. The short story provides sociologists with a different medium through which to examine the seminal interests
of ethnomethodology’s founder. In a literary form, the short story depicts such ethnomethodological concepts as the breaching
experiment, the “et cetera clause,” “ad hocing,” and the status degradation ceremony. Garfinkel’s “‘Color Trouble’” also suggests
the way in which ethnomethodology overlaps with, as well as diverges from, Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective.
He received his doctoral degree from the graduate program in sociology at York University, Toronto, Ontario. His article “Autonomy
and Responsibility in Social Theory” will appear inCurrent Perspectives in Social Theory, Volume 10. 相似文献
20.
Peter Donnelly 《Qualitative sociology》1994,17(3):215-241
Trust is not normally an issue in modern sport because of the institutionalized requirements for verification of achievements.
However, in the two ‘sports’ discussed here, certain records and claimed achievements may be taken on trust. The circumstances
under which trust becomes an issue, the processes by which it is tested, and the manner in which it is employed to ensure
the integrity of the mountaineering and birding subcultures are explored in this paper. 相似文献