武汉市统筹城乡一体化发展研究

统筹城乡一体化发展是当前推动城乡经济社会发展的迫切任务。本文通过建立指标评估,发现武汉城乡一体化水平略高于城镇化水平;城乡人口、经济、生活和文化一体化进程中,城乡经济发展的差别最为明显,融合程度最低,而城乡居民生活方面则融合程度较高,人口与文化融合度持平。而城乡二元户籍制度、土地的合理开发利用及农民权益保障、农村公共服务投入不足、农村社会保障体系不完善是当前制约城乡一体化发展的重要瓶颈。文章从法律制度层面、财政层面及组织体制层面分析了破解城乡一体化发展瓶颈的重要举措。     

浅谈推进城乡一体化的意义及措施

城乡一体化就是要把工业与农业、城市与乡村、城镇居民与农村居民作为一个整体,系统谋划、统筹安排,通过体制改革和政策调整,促进城乡在规划建设、产业发展、政策措施、生态环境保护、社会事业发展的一体化,消除长期形成的城乡二元结构,缩小城乡差距,实现城乡在政策上的平等、产业发展上的互补、国民待遇上的一致,使农村与城市共享现代文明,实现城乡经济社会的和谐发展、协调发展、可持续发展。     

英国城乡统筹政策对我国城乡一体化战略的启示

工业革命后,英国迅速开启了城市化进程,在经历了早期城市化带来的城乡失衡、城市居住环境恶化和生态系统破坏的教训后,英国政府开始了对城乡统筹政策的探索。在探索过程中形成的一系列理论和实践成果,为世界的城市化进程提供了宝贵经验。随着我国城镇化步伐的快速推进,城乡之间长期存在的二元结构矛盾逐渐凸显,这些矛盾的解决需要我们走出一条以城带乡、以乡促城、城乡统筹、联动发展的城乡一体化道路。当前处于工业化后期的中国,面临着与工业化时期的英国几乎相同的城市化问题,因此,有必要学习英国的城乡统筹经验,以为我国的城乡一体化战略服务。     

城乡公交客运一体化补贴机制与补贴额度研究——以义乌市为例

一、引言城乡一体化的发展战略要求适度超前的一体化交通运输体系引领与支撑,因此,打破城乡二元结构,统筹城乡社会事业发展,逐步实现城乡公共服务均等化,是交通行业发展的大方向。交通运输部的组建实现了城区公交、城乡班线客运由统一部门管理,为形成一体化管理模式,加强相关部门之间、市与区县之间的配合协作,统筹协调城乡客运提供了体制保障。     

城乡一体化过程中上海农村社会事业发展对策研究

城乡一体化是经济社会发展的一般规律,是传统农业社会向现代工业社会演变的必然过程,也是现代化的组成部分。城乡一体化的核心是城乡居民的地位一体化、机会一体化、保障一体化。必须从制度上建立一套保障城乡一体化的系统,其中,推进农村社会事业发展更是至关重要。农村教育、卫生、文化、体育、社会保障、社会服务等社会事业的发展水平,某种程度上可以用来衡量一个国家或地区经济社会的发展水平。因此,加强上海农村社会事业发展不仅与广大农民群众的切身利益和农村、农业的发展需要密切相关,而且对于破除城乡二元结构、加快城乡一体化进程、建设现代化国际大都市,实现＂四个率先＂,以及对于探索转型期农村公共产品供给制度的创新、建立与完善农村公共产品和服务供给模式等,具有重要的战略意义、理论意义和应用价值。     

城乡一体化理论与马克思主义中国化

本文浅析城乡一体化的理论渊源,并根据我国国情,着重阐述马克思主义城乡融合理论与中国城乡一体化的理论联系,指出马克思主义城乡融合理论的中国化过程即是我国作为一个社会主义大国推进城乡一体化建设必须贯彻的指导理论,只有将马克思主义城乡融合理论与中国实际相结合,才能完成我国建设现代化的大业。     

城市化进程中城乡一体化发展进程文献综述

20世纪80年代国内就已经提出并开始研究城乡一体化问题。在实证研究方面,许多文献都对城乡差距及城市化与城乡差距的相关关系做了实证分析,关于理论研究方面,学者们主要综合运用文献研究法、比较分析法等方法。本文是对城市化进程中城乡一体化发展进程的研究综述,何时何种背景下提出城乡一体化及其内容、阶段、特点、现象等,并指出中国目前城乡一体化的程度及所面临的问题,提出城乡一体化的发展对策和展望。     

新型城镇化背景下济南市城乡空间一体化研究

以新型城镇化带动城乡一体化是当前中国城镇化转型的重要使命和必经之路,而城乡空间一体化是城乡一体化的核心内容。文章在分析新型城镇化和城乡空间一体化的内涵基础与辩证关系的基础上,借鉴符号学的空间分布特征分类法,建立城乡空间一体化重构机制。以济南市为例,结合实际构建济南市城乡空间要素体系,并运用符号学运算,对济南市居住空间、产业空间、交通系统空间、基础设施空间、城乡空间等各类空间调整优化以及叠加整合,得到济南市新型城乡空间一体化模式。     

农村社会保障改革任重道远

农村社会保障制度的建立和完善．要坚持统筹城乡发展、实现城乡一体化的目标。但实现城乡一体化是中国经济社会发展长远目标,不可能一蹴而就．这就决定了农村社会保障体制的建立和完善也将是一个长期的艰巨任务。     

城乡发展一体化重在体制机制改革——“上发中心—交大论坛”国际大都市研究综述

随着经济与社会发展步入转型的关键期,当前城乡发展一体化凸显其时代紧迫性,且呈现出新的特征:一是城乡发展一体化不是指完全的均等化;二是城乡发展一体化不能由政府包办,要充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用。城乡发展一体化重在体制机制创新,其中,农村集体产权制度的改革是关键,集体经营性资产的产权改革是重点。     

上海城乡统筹发展的路径和突破口研究

上海城乡二元结构的深层次问题突出表现为:城乡居民收入差距仍然明显,促进农民增收的难度加大;郊区人口持续导入,对公共服务和社会管理的要求提高;农村土地和产权制度改革滞后,深化改革的条件尚不成熟;郊区城市化进程加速,管理体制和管理模式亟待转变;新城和小城镇等城乡统筹载体建设有待加强。上海城乡统筹发展要牢牢把握公共服务均等化、发展成果共享化、发展权利平等化内涵,坚持以城带乡、城乡一体、互动发展,以推进新型城市化战略为主攻方向,以加强城乡规划一体化为前提,以加快新城开发建设为突破口,以土地管理、集体产权、社会管理制度改革为支撑,以基本公共服务均等化为着力点,大力推进工业向园区集中、居住向社区集中、农业向规模经营集中,努力实现优化农村土地资源配置方式、优化城乡资源要素流动方式、优化城乡统筹发展方式,推进城乡一体化发展。     

From local to global: Making social policy more effective for rural community capacity building

Abstract

In the context of a discussion of globalisation this paper examines developments in social policy aimed at building civil society and enhancing social capital. It notes that policy driven by a desire for minimal government intervention and market dominance has resulted in a clear disadvantage in rural Australia and growing inequities between urban and rural communities. Clearly poverty has a postcode and overwhelmingly the postcodes are rural. At the same time the demography of ‘rural’ Australia is changing as the inland empties and the coastal regions experience population overload with its accompanying environmental problems. This paper discusses the need for more effective targeted involvement of the state in rural policy development if we are to preserve quality of life, address inequities and overcome the divide between city and country. There is a strong role for social work in forging rural community development. However, the profession has to be much more politically astute in its dealings with governments and community groups if it is to carve out a central role. Strategies are discussed to develop such a role.

Margaret Alston is an Associate Professor in social work and is Director of the Centre for Rural Social Research at Charles Sturt University, New South Wales. She is a Director for the Foundation for Australian Agricultural Women, a member of the Advisory Board for the Social Sciences Unit, Bureau of Rural Sciences, a member of the Board of General Practice Education Australia and on the Editorial Committee for Australian Social Work     

Urban policy,economic policy,and the growth of large cities in China

It is argued that despite a Chinese national urban policy large cities are still growing rapidly. Policy implementation is considered weak. It is suggested that a better strategy for increased urbanization in large Chinese cities would include integrating urban with economic policy, improving urban facilities, and planning and managing large cities. A short review is given of theories on city size and development in developing countries. Chinese economic reforms and their impact on urban growth are described. During 1978-90 the level of urbanization rose from 17.9% to 26.4%. Five periods during 1949 to present are identified as exhibiting distinct development profiles. Over the 40 year period, policies pertaining to cities of a particular population size changed constantly. During the early 1950s, development focused on major coastal cities and newly expanding industrial centers. After the 1950s and the Great Leap Forward (1958-60), rural areas and small urban places were the focus of Maoist development. Large cities were de-emphasized. The early 1970s emphasized the development of rural industries and small urban places in order to reduce rural-urban inequalities. A national urban policy was prepared in the early 1980s. The aim was to control the size of large cities, to develop medium sized cities, and to develop small cities. This policy was amended later and is now China's Urban Planning Law. However, the percentage of the nonagricultural population (NAP) living in cities of a million or more persons increased from 37.5% in 1978 to 41.6% in 1990. The share of NAP living in small cities increased to 21.5% in 1990. Temporary migrants were an estimated 5-15% of large city populations. Most cities were beyond their population control limit. Large cities had served important roles in development: greater efficiency in the industrial labor force and more profits; centers for culture, education, politics, and transportation; and links to foreign countries. Economic reforms fueled growth. At present controlled growth is an obstacle to economic development in large cities. Improvement is needed in urban management.     

Social policy and population growth in South-East Asia

Social and population policies are considered for the 10 countries comprising Southeast Asia--Burma, Indonesia, the Khmer Republic, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, North Vietnam, and South Vietnam. All but Singapore have high fertility rates and Burma, Indonesia, the Khmer Republic, Laos and the two Vietnams have high mortality rates also. Government expenditures for education and social security systems is expanding throughout the region and it is hoped that their continued growth will contribute substantially to the effective implementation of population policies. Population policies in the 5 countries which have them are discussed. These are Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. It is noted, however, that declaration of policy is but the first step. Strategies and programs differ from one country to the next and depend very much on the stage of development, level of literacy, degree of urbanization, and other factors. Family planning activities generally are endogenous to urban social systems but exogenous to rural social systems. Thus, the rural elite has a large role to play in making population policies an integral part of rural life. The possibility is considered of developing workable incentive packages integrating health, education, and social security benefits with suitable emphasis on fertility reduction.     

上海郊区农村社会问题调研报告

通过对上海郊区农村调研,农村社会发展呈现出人口老龄化、外来人口日益增多、社会保障不足、基层组织在乡村事务发展中作用弱化等四大社会问题。面对当前郊区农村出现的社会问题,上海要从建设国际大都市的高度和要求出发,立足未来上海郊区农村发展目标,在养老服务、外来人口管理、农业现代化、社会保障等方面,合理、有序地推动市郊的城市化进程。     

Teenage fertility and its social integration correlates: A control theory explanation

This study uses control theory to explain teenage fertility in one southeastern state. Control theory explains deviance from societal norms in terms of weak social bonding or integration. An important assumption of the study is that teenage parenting violates American parenting norms, and can thus be conceptualized as deviant behavior. Consequently, this study hypothesizes that teenage fertility should covary with measures of social integration. This study uses data from 64 parishes in Louisiana, and the results suggest that measures of social integration (i.e., divorce rates, percentage of population living alone, and personal alienation) are significant predictors of teenage fertility in non urban settings and explain approximately 53% of the variance in teenage fertility. However, among urban parishes, socioeconomic status is the only significant predictor of teenage fertility, explaining almost 44% of its variance.     

Urban Residents' Views of Rurality and Contacts with Rural Places1

Little is known about how rural people and places are viewed by the urban majority or the extent to which these images are related to first-hand contact with rurality. Data from a recent mail survey of a sample of people living in Pennsylvania cities suggest that urban people view rural places in positive terms and feel that rural areas and rural lifestyles should be preserved. When asked to consider the desirability of various development strategies, most urban residents indicated that priority should be given to promoting traditional extractive economic activities (farming, forestry, mining); there was little support for other types of business or industrial development Urban residents who visited rural locales for recreation and/or environmental contact were most likely to want to preserve those areas; visiting for social reasons was related to support for development activities. Policy implications of these findings are suggested.     

The impact of rapid population growth,expanding urbanisation,and other factors on development in sub-Saharan Africa: the contrasting responses of Tanzania and Kenya

This article analyzes the impact of the twin factors of rapid population growth and expanding urbanization on social and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa and compares policies that have been developed in Tanzania and Kenya in response to these factors. The principal consequences of overpopulation and overurbanization have been economic stagnation and physical and cultural malaise in urban population centers. Between 1960-80, per capita incomes in 19 countries of sub-Saharan Africa grew by less than 1%/year and 15 countries recorded a negative rate of growth in per capita income during the 1970s. Urban populations have increased at at overall rate of 6%/year as sub-Saharan Africans have migrated to cities in search of employment. Few national governments in the region have formulated longterm strategies to deal effectively with this double-faceted development constraint or have integrated new urban populations into the national economy. tanzania's development strategy is focused on the goals of socialism, rural development, and self-reliance. Urban development has remained a residual item in Tanzania's national development process, despite the fact that the urban population increased from 5.7% of the total population in 1967 to 12.7% in 1978 and is projected to comprise 24.7% by the year 2000. In contrast, Kenya, whose proportion of urban population increased from 9% to 15% between 1962 and 1979, has pursued an urban-focused development strategy. The strong urban-rural linkages of the economy have focused migration to the secondary towns. The national development plan includes urban spatial, employment, and investment policies. Although this plan constitutes a good basis for future planning, the magnitude of the urban problem is beyond the capabilities of the central government and requires the development of local capabilities.