世界给我一杯硝镪水

追风是媒体必须具备的素质,所以从6月到7月,我们都必须痛饮世界一杯.很不幸的是,对于房地产销售而言,世界杯是一杯不折不扣的票房毒药.     

To be or not to be: Control and balancing of type I and type II errors

The various costs of Type I and Type II errors of inference from data are discussed. Unfortunately, other things equal, Types I and II errors are inversely related. Six methods of minimizing Type I error in studies are presented, each of which may be employed even after data are collected. Type II errors may also be minimized by a combination of study design and analytic means. Although some of these techniques must be built into the study others can be undertaken when beginning work on a data set. Only one of these techniques will increase Type I error, and those involving data reduction may decrease both types of error.     

Being responsible and responsible beings: children's understanding of responsibility

Responsibility is a key concept in policy and public debate about the lives of children and families. On the one hand, parents are assumed to take responsibility for children's well‐being; on the other, children and young people are blamed and frequently punished for “irresponsible” or anti‐social behaviour. The article deconstructs the concept of responsibility from children's perspectives. Data are taken from a pilot study of 29 children aged nine and 10 in the East Midlands, England. In‐depth interviews revealed that children assume a series of responsibilities in the home and that these are understood as an inevitable and “normal” part of daily life. Children also described the basis of “being responsible” as underscored by two core values (honesty and fairness) and indicated that responsibility was a crucial part of their moral worlds. These moral understandings were, however, malleable. They were particularly mediated by the child‐parent relationship and were constantly being negotiated and renegotiated in the home.     

Markets or networks: Households’ choice of financial intermediary in Western China

We argue that households’ choice of financial intermediary is conditioned by households’ social network structures and socioeconomic status. Analyses show that households’ social network size and network composition affect their choices by limiting the quality and quantity of information, resources, and social influence one can access through social ties. Moreover, we find that high-SES families favor formal intermediaries due not only to their richer financial knowledge, higher affordability, and greater capacity to repay loans, but also to their high demands and special types of financial needs that can hardly be satisfied by embedded resources.     

To be,or not to be: Paradoxes in strategic public relations in Italy

There is a paucity of empirical studies of public relations in Italy. This study sought to assess whether public relations departments are managed strategically in Italy and whether public relations contributes to the strategic management of organizations. Using the four generic principles that deal with strategic management, this study gathered data from public relations professionals working in the three major types of organizations: corporations, government agencies, and non-profits. The study found that regardless of the type of organization, few public relations practitioners are represented in the senior management of their organizations. Senior managers of non-profits tended to value public relations more than the other two sectors. Symmetrical communication again proved to be normative. By using a conceptual framework and research instruments that have been employed in studies conducted in other parts of the world, this study has generated data that can be used to compare strategic public relations in different socio-cultural environments – thus contributing to building a global theory of public relations.     

Self‐harm by people with learning difficulties: something to be expected or investigated?1

A review of the literature exploring self-harm highlights variations in the way it is understood. A marked difference in approach appears to relate to the presence of a learning difficulty in the person utilizing self-harm. Linkage with abuse has been given credence as one possible explanation for self-harming behaviour in the general population and yet has received little consideration within literature regarding people with learning difficulties. This paper proposes that it is oppression and abuse which provide the context in which self-harm is used by many people with learning difficulties. Continually ignoring the 'message' in self-harm is to further traumatize individuals. Therefore a challenge is posed to look beyond existing responses to the use of self-harm by people with learning difficulties.     

Responsible Choice: the choice between no choice

This paper explores the way 'choice' is constituted by professional and support staff in naturally-occurring-talk within an Australian disability service. That choice is really the choice you have when you are not having a choice, a situation indicative of the wider social milieu and the disablism found in society. Membership Categorisation Analysis is used to highlight the moral reasoning which occurs in the everyday, based upon disablist norms. In light of this, critical reflection upon contemporary bioethics is used to suggest that choice as an expression of autonomy is not only contextual, but far more than the hedonistic approach adopted by Western disability services.     

To be or not to be a rights holder: Direct and indirect effects of perceived rights on psychological adjustment through group identification in care

This study explores how young people in residential care perceive their rights and the relationship with their adjustment, through the role of group identification. Data from a non-random sample of young people (N = 356; aged 11–18 years) in Portuguese residential settings was analysed and a set of mediation effects was found. Findings revealed a set of mediation effects on the relationship between Participation and Protection and Positive Self and between Respectful system practices and behaviours and Emotional Distress, Anger Control and Antisocial Behaviour. Higher scores of these rights perceptions were associated with lower psychological problems, through the indirect effect of group identification (i.e., the sense of belonging to the group in residential care). These findings are discussed based on social and developmental insights together with empirical evidence on residential care. These results provided important practical implications in residential care, namely, assuring the young people's participation, the promotion of professional practices based on the respect for young people and their families, non-discriminatory behaviours and equal opportunities.     

Media interventions to promote responsible sexual behavior

While the media have been used effectively to promote sexual responsibility in other countries for decades, few such opportunities have been seized in the United States. Mass media may be especially useful for teaching young people about reproductive health because elements of popular culture can be used to articulate messages in young people s terms, in language that won t embarrass them and may even make safe sex more attractive. Media can potentially change the way people think about sex, amidst cultural pressures to have sex at a young age, to have sex forcefully, or to have unsafe sex. Information can be communicated through a variety of channels--small media (e.g., pamphlets, brochures, and the Internet) and mass media--and in a variety of formats--campaigns, news coverage, and educational messages inserted into regular entertainment programming. Several international studies show that exposure to family planning messages through television, radio, and print media are strongly associated with contraceptive use. Domestically, safe sex media campaigns have been associated with increased teen condom use with casual partners, and reductions in the numbers of teenagers reporting sexual activity. Due to private ownership and First Amendment concerns, U.S. sexual health advocates have been working with the commercial media to incorporate subtle health messages into existing entertainment programming.     

Homosexuality: The right to be wrong

Though the literature focusing on interpersonal sexuality continues to expand, little is known about how husbands and wives value their sexual and affectional activities compared to other outlets for their discretionary time. Preferences for discretionary sexual activity, other joint activities, and independent activities were examined as a function of the number of years married. A stratified area probability sample of middle‐class households yielded 227 husbands and 233 wives. Respondents completed a questionnaire that included items on leisure activities they most preferred. The proportion of husbands and wives who indicated a preference for “engaging in sexual or affectional activities” decreased as the number of years married increased. When other joint and independent activity types were examined over the marital career, it was found that husbands' preferences for other joint activities increased proportionally, whereas wives' preferences for independent activities increased. These results seem to point to husband‐wife perceptual differences regarding the nature of marital sexuality, toward a partial explanation of declining sexual activity over time, and toward husband‐wife differences in relation to preferences for the use of time.     

Topological social choice: Reply to Le Breton and Uriarte

One of us has given seminars on related issues at Cornell, LSE, University of Pennsylvania and the University of British Columbia. We are grateful to all participants. For helpful conversations we are grateful to David Cass, Birgit Grodal, Andrew McClennen, Murat Sertel and Ho-Mou Wu. The views expressed are our own.     

Invariance axioms for preferences: applications to social choice theory

I investigate the role played by the combination of two invariance axioms for preferences in utility theory; namely, those of zero-independence and scale-independence, respectively. I provide a characterization of the preference relations on ${\mathbb{R}^{n}}$ that satisfy these two axioms as those which are either trivial, or what I call a two-serial total preorder on ${\mathbb{R}^{n}}$ . This result is then applied in social choice theory to characterize those social welfare functions that satisfy IIA and PI. Other characterizations involving the usual Pareto concepts are also provided.     

Risky social choice with incomplete or noisy interpersonal comparisons of well-being

In this study, we develop a model of social choice over lotteries, where people’s psychological characteristics are mutable, their preferences may be incomplete, and incomplete or noisy interpersonal comparisons of well-being are possible. Formally, we suppose individual preferences are described by a von Neumann-Morgenstern (vNM) preference order on a space of lotteries over psychophysical states; the social planner must construct a vNM preference order on lotteries over social states. First, we consider a model where the individual vNM preference order is incomplete (so not all interpersonal comparisons are possible). Then, we consider a model where the individual vNM preference order is complete, but unknown to the planner, and thus modelled by a random variable. In both cases, we obtain characterizations of a utilitarian social welfare function.     

Refusal skills: learning to be positively negative

Many youth wishing to refuse drugs or alcohol offered to them are deficient in the interpersonal abilities which constitute such refusal skills. This article describes Skillstreaming, an interpersonal skill training approach of apparent effectiveness when used for such behavioral enhancement purposes. Presented are its constituent training procedures, specific skills content, and methods for promoting the transfer and maintenance of skill competence in real-world, refusal-relevant situations.