顺德市人口、资源、环境与可持续发展

本文模拟了顺德市在不实行计划生育政策的条件下的人口增长情况 ,结果发现由于计划生育 ,在 1971- 1998年间 ,顺德市少生了 5 0多万人口 ,从而使顺德市的人口、资源、环境在经济高速发展的情况下仍能基本协调。文章也分析了顺德市目前的人口、资源与环境可持续发展的状况和问题 ,并提出了一些建议     

西藏人口、资源、环境与可持续发展

根据对西藏人口、资源与环境现状的分析 ,找出存在的问题 ,揭示人口与资源 ,人口与环境之间的相互关系及发展趋势 ;从而使人们对西藏目前的人口与资源 ,人口与环境及三者与可持续发展有一个较客观、理性的认识 ;并提出相应的对策和具体措施 ,以求人口、资源、环境之间的协调与可持续发展。     

Knowledge,Attitudes and Behaviours. Concerning Education for Sustainable Development: Two Exploratory Studies

Celebrating the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005–2014), this paper presents results of two exploratory surveys taken in the province of Manitoba, Canada in January to March 2008. A random sample of 506 adults completed a mailed out questionnaire designed to measure respondents’ knowledge, attitudes and behaviours concerning the basic themes of the UN Decade. In the same period, a convenience sample of 294 students in grades 6–12 in four schools was surveyed based on a simplified version of the same questionnaire. Using these two datasets, we constructed somewhat crude standardized tests and showed that for students and adults, having attitudes favourable to ESD/SD is relatively more influential than age, levels of education and knowledge for behaviours favourable to ESD/SD. The differences are that (1) gender was most influential for the student samples, while favourable attitudes were most influential for the adult samples; and (2) while attitudes were practically equally influential to knowledge (though numerically more influential) for the student sample, attitudes were vastly more influential than education for the adult samples.     

Overpopulation, Sustainable Development, and Security: Developing an Integrated Strategy

This paper proposes a symposium on overpopulation, sustainable development, and security. These issues are usually treated separately by politicians and the public, but addressing them intelligently requires seeing the interconnections. Many scientists warn that growing human numbers and consumption are undermining the carrying capacity of the Earth. Unfortunately, their advice has not been heeded as it is perceived as being contrary to some prevailing economic and social interests. This symposium would draw together some of the leading minds on the population/resource issue for the purpose of initiating a process to bridge the gap between scientific concerns and public policy.     

可持续发展与生态文化建设

本文在探讨文化的内涵与功能的基础上 ,提出了生态文化建设的内容与方式。作者认为 :转变传统观念 ,树立可持续发展的自然观、发展观、科技观、价值观 ,是生态文化建设的重要前提 ;加强制度文化建设 ,在全社会形成和普及自然环境法制观念和可持续发展伦理道德规范是生态文化建设的必要条件 ;改变传统的生产、消费与生育模式 ,制定与实施可持续发展规划是建设生态文化、实现可持续发展的切入点。     

建立可持续发展的西部大开发战略

中国人口资源、环境、经济、社会等因素的特点,决定了可持续发展的落脚点最终在西部地区。中国可持续发展要以西部大开发为依托,建立可持续发展的西部大开发战略要根据西部实际、结合我国国情,借鉴他国区域开发经验,采取相应对策。     

可持续发展与少数民族地区的计划生育政策--吉林延边朝鲜族与新疆维吾尔自治区少数民族低生育率比较研究

本文从计划生育的基本国策和2000年3月2日中共中央国务院颁布的《关于加强人口与计划生育工作稳定低生育水平的决定》(简称《决定》)出发,通过对我国人口生育水平的时间和空间分析,提出稳定低生育水平的工作难点关键是在少数民族地区。并以吉林延边朝鲜族和新疆少数民族生育水平为例,进行了比较研究,得出结论:对少数民族的计划生育优惠政策实际上是“好心照顾他,反到害了他”,只有降低生育率才更有利于少数民族地区的可持续发展。     

The PEARL Model of Sustainable Development

This paper addresses perception (P), environment (E), action (A), relationship (R), and locality (L) as the social indicators of sustainable development (SD), the capital letters of which label the PEARL model. The paper refers to PEARL with regard to three aspects to elaborate the promises and limits of the model. Theoretically; it discusses comprehensiveness of the model. Pedagogically; it focuses on how the PEARL might facilitate learning, teaching and recalling fundaments of SD. Practically; it searches whether the model is appropriate for indexing and assessment. The PEARL brings out the significance of perceptions for SD and promises pedagogical contribution. The model, within this sense, appears as a qualitative understanding of SD which proposes a schematic framework to facilitate teaching and learning of its content. The analysis also points to likelihood of a quantitative PEARL index that is appropriate for assessment and measurement for individuals, institutions and regions.     

人才资源与可持续经济增长

通过对经济增长理论的分析,发现“资本、技术、人力资本”是决定经济增长的至关重要的因素,更为重要的是,“专业化人力资本”是经济增长的动力源泉。从资源角度而言,“人才资源”就是经济学意义上的“专业化人力资本”,因此,我们认为,人才资源是经济增长的动力源泉,人才资源可以推动经济的可持续增长。     

WHO on Health and Sustainable Development

Ten years after the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also known as the “Earth Summit,” held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, the United Nations will convene another summit of world governments and other major actors to assess global change during the last decade. The meeting will be held in Johannesburg, 2–11 September 2002. One of the reports prepared for the 30 April–2 May 2001 session of the preparatory committee for the Johannesburg meeting discusses developments in global health. The report, prepared by the World Health Organization with “contributions from other United Nations agencies and international organizations” and formally presented as a Report of the Secretary‐General (E/CN. 17/2001 /PC/6), is reproduced below in full. It notes some of the remarkable gains in health during the past decade and, in greater detail, enumerates the major problem areas and outlines future trends and challenges. The document is available at « http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/health.htm#doc ».     

青海省人口与可持续发展

本文通过对青海省人口条件, 以及由于人口增长的无限性和生态空间支持能力的有限性而引起的两个重大矛盾： 一个是人口再生产物质资料再生产之间不平衡不协调、一个是人口———资源———环境之间原有的生态平衡受到破坏的分析, 指出了青海省国民经济发展必须把各项经济指标与人口的有关指标相结合,形成一个有机整体, 只有这样本省经济才可能得到持续发展,并针对此提出若干措施     

东北地区农业可持续发展的道路选择

东北地区农业可持续发展具有雄厚基础和巨大潜力,在东北振兴和中国粮食安全中具有重要战略意义,但东北农业在发展过程中也存在农产品市场竞争乏力,农业资源遭到破坏及农民收入增长缓慢等问题,本文在此基础上提出东北地区农业可持续发展的道路选择:转变发展思路,调整产业结构;发挥科技力量,发展现代农业;整合资源优势,促进全面发展;发展国际合作,开辟周边市场。     

日本人口与资源、环境的可持续发展研究

二战后,日本经济经历了一个高速发展的时期。与此同时,日本人口也经历了两次“婴儿热”,人口数量大幅度增长。人口数量的激增和经济活动规模的不断扩大,加剧了人口与环境之间的矛盾。为实现人口、资源与环境的可持续发展,日本采取了许多措施以缓解环境问题带来的压力。为避免“先污染,后治理”的老路,我国在经济发展过程中,可以借鉴日本的一些成功经验。     

Book Review: Sustainable Development and Decision Making. Craig Dilworth. Uppsala,Sweden: Uppsala University, 1996. 165 pp. (paper)

Population and Environment -     

论可持续发展原则与区域开发

可持续发展已经成为当代社会经济发展的基本原则,它对区域开发提出了新的要求,即人类的区域开发活动必须遵循与自然生态系统相协调的原则,区域开发应该具有全局性、科学性、前瞻性、系统性和稳定性。为了在区域开发中贯彻可持续发展原则,就要树立新的环境资源价值观,扩大对资源范围的认识,建立合理的资源配置机制,保证资源开发的可持续性,才能实现区域经济与生态环境的协调发展。     

“小人口”与可持续发展

由于无法减轻把人类逼向困境的人口压力 ,适度人口 ,从“经济适度”到“环境适度”便被排除在可持续发展的选择之外。“小人口”———一个节欲、小规模且“远离平衡态”的人口 ,既是物质世界有限性、平衡原理、生命平等的规定和对人类反自然本质、人类社会本质上不平等性质的回应 ,又是实现生态—经济可持续、生物与人类平等、代际平等、代内公平的必须 ,从而摆脱人类困境 ,走可持续发展之路的必然选择。当有限性使生存和发展资源不能同时满足生物、人类的需求时 ,符合伦理道德的选择是用生命平等优先替代人类优先 ,用代际平等优先代替当代人优先     

论可持续发展要求下的人与人公平

本文从社会伦理和实践行为两个方面 ,探讨了人与人公平的基本原理和行为标度 ,提出了衡量社会公平的理论模型和实践准则。旨在通过和谐人与人之间的相依关系 ,以保障人类社会的可持续发展。     

城市可持续发展能力环境影响评价经济模型

本文在传统的城市宏观经济运行过程模型的基础上,将世界银行所提出的真实储蓄加以修正,并引入到城市经济运行模式中,其中既考虑了人口(人口的增长)、经济(国内生产总值的增长速度)因素,又考虑到了社会因素(国内生产总值中的经常性教育投资和科研经费留存)、环境(大气、水环境污染)及资源(矿产)等因素,提出了城市可持续发展能力环境影响评价经济模型,并以此为基础分析了西安市的可持续发展能力。