基于随机折现因子方法的流动性定价机制研究

流动性影响股票收益的渠道在文献中需进一步厘清,本文采用随机折现因子的方法构建了SDF-LCAPM模型,将流动性影响股票收益的渠道分为两个:第一个渠道是股票自身的流动性特征直接影响股票收益;第二个渠道为流动性是系统风险的组成部分,影响股票的收益。SDF-LCAPM模型提供了联接两个渠道的框架,解开了流动性的波动性与资产收益负向关系之谜,解释了系统流动性与股票收益率对市场流动性的敏感度不被定价的可能原因,还发现了流动性与资产收益的协方差在资产定价中的重要作用。本文通过实证发现,这两个渠道在不同类型股票中的表现是不同的,这一发现为投资者流动性风险管理提供参考依据。此外,SDF-LCAPM模型应用在中国股票市场上,可以提高投资组合的Sharpe比率。     

行业股票价格指数波动特征的实证研究

行业风险是投资者进行投资决策、选择行业时要考虑的主要因素之一。行业股票价格指数的波动性常用来衡量行业的风险。本文采用四种具有代表性的衡量波动性的指标来研究行业股票指数的波动特征,将总风险量化分解为与市场相关的风险和行业特有的风险两部分,对各行业的风险特征进行深入分析。实证研究采用深交所依据《上市公司行业分类指引》所编制的行业指数数据,分阶段估计股票行业指数的波动性,并进行Kendall协同系数检验。结果表明,不同阶段的行业总体波动性和行业特有的波动性排序间存在一致性,即行业间的波动性大小次序相对稳定,但在与市场相关的波动性排序上不具有稳定性。本文的结论刻画了中国股票市场行业股票指数间的波动性特征,与国际上的相关研究成果具有可比性,对资产在行业间的配置等投资策略问题的研究有参考价值。     

涨跌幅限制对股票流动性的影响分析

针对涨跌幅限制对股票流动性的影响存在不同的观点,实证研究了沪市的涨跌幅限制对股票流动性的影响.结果表明,无论采用传统流动性度量方法(交易股数和换手率)还是基于波动性的流动性度量方法,涨跌幅限制约束了股票当天的流动性,致使在以后的几个交易日股票的流动性优于其它股票,即涨跌幅限制存在流动性干扰效应.通过对3种流动性度量方法的有效性比较分析,得出基于波动性的流动性度量方法更适合度量沪市股票的流动性.     

中国股市中信息反应模式的实证分析

本文在Hong和Stein(1999)信息扩散假说的基础上,集中研究中国股票市场中的短期反应不足和过度反应。实证结果表明中国股票市场对不同类型的信息有不同的反应方式。对于影响所有股票的收益率的宏观经济变化、行业相关政策变动等市场共同信息,股票的收益率存在过度反应现象;对于公司层面上的个股特定信息,股票的收益率存在明显反应不足。同时投资者对正面信息与负面信息的反应模式也有截然的区别,投资者对正面市场信息(利好)存在明显的过度反应,故在市场利好信息到达时,采用反向策略更为有利;由于投资者惜售的“处置效应”的影响,导致对市场利空信息的反应不足,在较短期内尤为明显。     

中国股票市场短期反转效应的流动性供给解释——机构投资者退出的角度

本文基于中国沪深股市2001年1月～2016年7月的相关数据,从机构投资者是市场流动性的供给方、活跃的机构投资者对个股持股比例的增加或减少影响个股的市场流动性的角度对中国股票市场短期反转效应予以研究。相关研究结论表明未预期的流动性供给变化是中国股票市场短期反转效应的原因,反转策略收益是对未预期流动性供给冲击的风险补偿,而未预期的机构投资者的参与或退出是影响股票市场流动性供给的来源。此外本文研究还表明中国股票市场存在显著的短期反转效应,且短期反转效应的强度大小与投资组合的选择有关。     

股票流动性风险测度模型的构建与实证分析

传统度量流动性风险的方法是计算股票的平均流动性水平,近年来逐渐考虑到了流动性的波动性,对流动性风险的度量更加接近实际.本文在以上两种衡量流动性风险方法的基础上建立了包含"横"与"纵"两维上的新的流动性风险测度模型--流动性"成本-风险"矩形和等流动性风险曲线,并以上海证券交易所上市的107只A股为样本进行实证检验,结果表明该模型能够比较全面真实的测度股票的流动性风险.     

定单流、流动性与股票市场的投资转移

本文通过分析我国股票市场上市值不同的股票之间定单流、流动性和收益率的相互影响关系,以及它们与上海银行间同业拆借利率(CHIBOR)、人民币远期汇率的关系,讨论了市场内不同股票之间的投资转移行为。实证结论发现:低市值股票定单流上升时,未来高市值股票流动性和收益率显著下降,市值不同的股票之间流动性和收益率也表现出显著的双向、负向领先滞后关系;银行间拆借利率、人民币汇率等影响宏观(货币)流动性的因素将显著影响市场微观流动性、定单流和收益率,但对市值不同的股票有不同的影响。本文提供了不同市值股票之间存在投资转移行为的证据。     

中国股市流动性溢价的实证研究

本文根据股票市场流动性溢价理论，采用换手率(TURN)和非流动性(ILLIQ)两个指标，对上海股票市场的流动性与预期收益的关系分个股数据和组合数据进行实证研究，同时研究两者关系的影响因素。研究结果表明：对于个股数据，换手率对预期收益具有负向作用，非流动性对预期收益具有正向作用，支持流动性溢价理论；此外，在不同市场态势、有无政策或重大事件和基于组合数据分析的情况下，换手率与预期收益之间仍然保持显著的负向关系，而ILLIQ与预期收益之间的关系不稳定或呈现相反结果。由此可见，我国股票市场的流动性与预期收益的关系受流动性度量、市场态势、政策或重大事件和估计的数据构造的影响。     

股票流动性能够解释收益反转之谜吗?

以我国沪深股票市场为例研究了股票收益率反转与股票流动性的关系,以期为股票收益率反转和股票流动性之间关系明确前提条件,提供不同国家金融市场差异性研究的佐证.研究表明我国沪深A股市场存在着显著的反转效应与流动性溢价效应;然而与针对美国市场的理论解释相悖,发现股票收益的反转与股票流动性之间代表了我国沪深A股市场上的两种截然不同的风险因素,股票的流动性因素并不完全是股票收益反转的潜在解释因素.并进一步通过分析得出操纵股票行为可能导致这种流动性解释在我国沪深股市上并不适用,这种操纵股票行为本身直接就会导致我国沪深股市短期收益反转.     

上海证券市场流动性模式的研究

本文运用高频数据对上海股票市场流动性的日内和周内变化模式进行了实证研究,同时从市场微观结构理论出发分析了这种流动性模式的形成原因。在此基础上,建立了回归模型,实证研究了影响上海股市流动性的影响因素,结果表明上海股市流动性确实存在着明显的周内和日内变化模式,从而揭示了我国股票市场在流动性方面的微观结构特征。     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Job strain and psychotropic drug use among white-collar workers

The main objective of this study was to measure the association between simultaneous exposure to high psychological demand and low decision latitude at work and the use of psychotropic drugs among white-collar workers. A second objective was to determine whether social support at work modified this association. A cross-sectional study was performed that included 2786 workers from the public sector in the Greater Quebec City area. A self-administered questionnaire was used in order to evaluate psychological demand, decision latitude and social support at work. Psychotropic drug use was measured over a period of 2 days. The prevalence of psychotropic drug use among the participants was found to be 3.9%, even though 20.5% were exposed to job strain. The association between job strain and psychotropic drug use, after adjustment for social support at work, age, gender, education, family income, employment status, occupation, stressful life events, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity, was statistically significant (odds ratio: 4.5, 95% CI 1.7?12.2). Social support did not appear to modify this association. The results of this study suggest that job strain might be a determinant of psychotropic drug use among white collar workers. Social support at work does not appear, however, to modify this association.     

Role clarity, work overload and organizational support: multilevel evidence of the importance of support

The present study extended the demands-control-support model used in occupational stress research in two ways. First, it hypothesized that role clarity (i.e. role ambiguity), like control, would moderate the relationship between demands and psychological strain. Second, the study assessed support (from leaders) as a macro characteristic of the work-group environment. Data were drawn from a large study of US army soldiers, the study sample consisting of 1786 lower enlisted male soldiers. The inclusion of support as a work-group characteristic lead to a multilevel test of the model. A three-way multilevel interaction among work demands, role clarity and support was observed. As predicted, the relationship between demands and psychological strain was moderated by role clarity; however, this moderating relationship was found only when work-group support was high.     

Leadership, levels of analysis, and déjà vu: Modest proposals for taxonomy and cladistics coupled with replication and visualization

In the inaugural issue of LQ's Yearly Review of Leadership, Hunt and Dodge (2000, p. 442) note that, “Within the last two decades, one of the crucial developments in organizational research in general, and in leadership research specifically, is the articulation of specific levels of analysis and their implications for theory building, measurement, and observation.” Their original observations are updated by extending the inferential logic of Yammarino, Dionne, Chun and Dansereau (2005) to determine if any increase in the utilization of a level of analysis perspective has occurred in the last five years. The possible evolution of leadership theory and analysis is discussed, especially with reference to Relational Leadership Theory, Leader–Member Exchange, and Individualized Dyadic Theory. Proposals incorporating taxonomic and visualization tools as a means to help bridge the stakeholder gap are also offered.     

Information Frictions in Trade

It is costly to learn about market conditions elsewhere, especially in developing countries. This paper examines how such information frictions affect trade. Using data on regional agricultural trade in the Philippines, I first document a number of observed patterns in trade flows and prices that suggest the presence of information frictions. I then incorporate information frictions into a perfect competition trade model by embedding a process whereby heterogeneous producers engage in a costly sequential search process to determine where to sell their produce. I show that introducing information frictions reconciles the theory with the observed patterns in the data. Structural estimation of the model finds that information frictions are quantitatively important: roughly half the observed regional price dispersion is due to information frictions. Furthermore, incorporating information frictions improves the out‐of‐sample predictive power of the model.     

The Economics of Density: Evidence From the Berlin Wall

This paper develops a quantitative model of internal city structure that features agglomeration and dispersion forces and an arbitrary number of heterogeneous city blocks. The model remains tractable and amenable to empirical analysis because of stochastic shocks to commuting decisions, which yield a gravity equation for commuting flows. To structurally estimate agglomeration and dispersion forces, we use data on thousands of city blocks in Berlin for 1936, 1986, and 2006 and exogenous variation from the city's division and reunification. We estimate substantial and highly localized production and residential externalities. We show that the model with the estimated agglomeration parameters can account both qualitatively and quantitatively for the observed changes in city structure. We show how our quantitative framework can be used to undertake counterfactuals for changes in the organization of economic activity within cities in response, for example, to changes in the transport network.     

Modelling end-of-life product recovery chains - a case study

European Union legislation, and existing national legislation of many European countries, mandates that manufacturers take back and recover their electronic and electrical equipment. If manufacturers are to comply with legislation, models need to be developed for these activities. Whilst infrastructural and technological deficits exist and must be addressed, so too must the organization of recovery, from a business perspective. In this paper, models of resource recovery are presented and a case study described.