家庭消毒七法

如果家庭成员中患有传染病等,为了不使传染病传播给其他成员,必须对患者所住、所用的一切物品及排泄物进行彻底消毒。怎样进行家庭消毒呢？消毒的方法可根据消毒物品的种类不同,选用晒、洗、擦、煮、烧、撒、熏等七种方法。     

消毒副产物生成情况的调查研究(上)

介绍美国“消毒剂/消毒副产物条例”、有关饮用水中三卤甲烷的早期调研、AWS公司下属水厂的消毒副产物调查情况和分析其他消毒副产物指标的技术。     

开水烫碗筷,给病菌洗澡吗?

正出去吃饭的时候,一起来的朋友们总会呼唤服务生:“给俺们来盆热水烫烫碗!”然后碗筷在盛满热水的大盆中匆匆浸一下,便拿出来了。这种方式真的能起到消毒的作用吗?答案是:不可能。针对吃饭用的碗、筷、碟来说,可以采用的消毒方式有三种:煮沸消毒、蒸汽消毒、红外线消毒(消毒柜消毒)。其中,正确的煮沸消毒应该是把餐具完全浸泡在100℃的水中至少5分钟(注意:包含具体的温度和时间)。我们经常说的“烫一下”其实是“半吊子”的煮沸消毒。就算浸泡了5分钟,水温也会在     

氯胺消毒对管网水质的影响

介绍美国两个水厂试用氯胺代替氯消毒的实验结果及讨论。以氯胺替代氯气作为后消毒可显著降低大肠菌发生率、异养菌平板计数浓度和消毒副产物浓度。     

气体二氧化氯用于空间消毒的评价

目的用商品化的生物指示剂确定气体二氧化氯达到空间灭菌水平所需消毒参数,同时评价环境湿度、有机干扰物、物体表面材料对气体二氧化氯消毒效果的影响。方法采用商品化及自制的枯草芽孢杆菌黑色变种芽孢（以下简称“枯黑芽孢”）菌片作为生物指示剂,对气体二氧化氯在不同消毒参数及实验条件下对微环境实验室消毒效果进行定性评价。结果环境湿度升高,气体二氧化氯杀灭芽孢作用显著增强,但湿度过大时光滑表面容易结露,金属表面产生轻微的腐蚀。根据商品化生物指示剂显示可以判定300ppm气体二氧化氯消毒3h基本可以达到空间灭菌水平;牛血清白蛋白能够明显影响气体二氧化氯对枯黑芽孢的杀灭作用;300ppm气体二氧化氯消毒4h能够完全杀灭滤纸枯黑芽孢菌片,但1000ppm气体二氧化氯消毒4h仍不能将不锈钢菌片或棉布茵片完全杀灭。结论气体二氧化氯消毒时环境相对湿度控制在75％左右为宜;商品化的生物指示剂并不能完全准确地指示气体二氧化氯空间消毒结果,应根据消毒空间内物体表面材料的不同及有机干扰物的存在与否相应增加气体二氧化氯浓度及消毒时间。     

家中有肠道传染病患者怎样消毒

一、煮沸消毒法：将患者用过的餐具、玩具、耐热物品及衣料、衣物浸没水中，加热煮沸15分钟可彻底消毒杀菌。 二、曝晒：患者的被褥、床垫、床上卧具不能煮沸或蒸汽消毒者，可在烈日下曝晒3小时以上。     

这些“卫生”习惯不卫生!

一、用酒消毒碗筷一些人常用白酒来擦拭碗筷,以为这样可以达到消毒的目的。殊不知,医学上用于消毒的酒精度数为75%,而一般白酒的酒精含量在56%以下。所以,用白酒擦拭碗筷,根本达不到消毒的目的。     

消毒奶与灭菌奶的区别

在过去的几十年里,市场上供应的都是巴氏消毒奶。而巴氏消毒奶又可分成两种。一种是低温巴氏消毒奶,它用62℃保持30分钟消毒;另一种是高温巴氏消毒奶,它用90℃持续10秒钟消毒。这种消毒奶的保质期一般是24小时。巴氏消毒的优点是对牛奶的组成成分和性质都没有明显的影响。     

家用洗衣机养护技巧

正新买的洗衣机在使用半年后,每隔3个月都应用洗衣机专用清洁剂清洗一次。可以与衣被、毛巾等的消毒同步进行,即在浸泡消毒衣被、毛巾等物品时,直接将需消毒物品连同配制好的消毒液一起倒入洗衣桶内浸泡30～60分钟,之后再以清水     

给水厂消毒副产物的成因及去除措施

消毒副产物是指用消毒剂对饮用水消毒时，消毒剂与水中含有的天然有机物反应生成的化合物。研究表明，它对人的健康有很大的威胁。该文介绍了饮用水中消毒副产物的种类及其形成，并且综述了抑制消毒副产物形成的途径。     

上海推进“城中村”改造研究

改造"城中村",有利于改善居民居住生活质量,促进城乡统筹发展;有利于盘活存量用地,推进土地的节约、集约利用;有利于改善城乡形象、推进宜居城市建设。上海进一步推进"城中村"改造,须加强领导,推进"城中村"改造的体制机制建设;要均衡各方利益,调动政府、开发商和农民三方的积极性;要摸清底数,对纳入全市统一改造计划内的"城中村"实行目录管理;要因地制宜,针对各个"城中村"不同的情况进行分类指导;要突破创新,建立、健全支持"城中村"改造的政策体系;要营造氛围,形成有利于推进"城中村"改造的良好外部环境。     

上海教育国际化的配套政策及服务体系研究

上海教育国际化的核心内涵是通过教育活动国际化、教育者与受教育者的国际化、教学机构国际化以及国际维度与观念融入过程的国际化等途径，推动上海整体教育水平的提高，吸引和培养高素质的国际型人才，服务于上海经济社会可持续发展的大局。上海教育国际化的配套政策要围绕优质教育资源的引入和输出展开：制定“引智”政策，以吸引优秀海外专家、学者，扩大开放现行科研体系，引入教育国际化高端资源；制定教学计划与课程国际化建设、“留学上海”系列服务、优质教育资源引进、“国际化品牌项目”支持、全社会共同参与、服务体系信息化等政策。建立以政府各相关部门为主体的管理体系、以高校及其他办学机构为主体的教学体系及以企业、各类社会组织及市民为主体的社会服务体系。     

The future of urban biodiversity research: Moving beyond the ‘low-hanging fruit’

In this era of rapidly urbanising human populations, urban practitioners are under increasing pressure to create resilient and sustainable cities and towns. Urban ecologists currently have a unique opportunity to apply solid, evidence-based research to help create biodiversity-rich and sustainable cities and towns for the future. Unfortunately, there is currently a mismatch between the questions planners, designers and decision-makers are asking urban ecologists that would allow them to improve the biodiversity outcomes in urban areas, and the questions urban ecologists must ask to contribute to the development and application of the science of urban ecology. For a number of reasons, urban ecologists over the past 25 years have primarily focused on describing the patterns of biodiversity in cities and towns using broad, aggregate predictor variables (e.g., distance to city center, land-use, percent cover of impermeable surfaces and vegetation, etc.). We refer to these results as ‘low-hanging fruit’. If the discipline of urban ecology is going to provide the necessary information to inform actions to preserve and enhance urban biodiversity, we need to move beyond place-based research, and work towards the development of confirmed generalizations regarding the relationship between the structure and function of urban ecosystems and biodiversity. We propose three essential strategies for achieving this refined understanding: 1) defining the study window to place the study into a broader global context, 2) collecting and using more explicit question-driven measures of the urban condition in order to improve our understanding of urban ecological drivers, as well as recording more detailed ecological responses to provide insights into the ecological mechanisms underlying an observed response, and 3) expanding studies to include multiple cities, regions and countries. These strategies will help to expedite the ability of urban ecology to contribute to the creation of biodiversity-rich, healthy, resilient cities and towns.     

Reporting unethical research behavior

Scientists, as professionals, have a responsibility to self-regulate. However, whistleblowing is rare. We investigated scientists' infrequent disclosure of unethical behavior by studying their responses to scenarios describing unethical research acts and compared their responses to those of research administrators. A cross-sectional survey was administered to National Science Foundation-funded principal investigators and their institutions' representatives (IRs) to the Office of Research Integrity. Both scientists and IRs proposed to respond to nearly all research behaviors that they rated as unethical. Scientists more often proposed responses limited to the research team (58% vs. 25% of cases, p < .001) whereas IRs more often proposed to inform an administrator or dean, journal editor, funding agency, professional society, or reporter. The prior behavior and academic rank of the scenario protagonist were associated with responses, but consequences of the unethical behavior were not. Scientists appear to perceive that they uphold their responsibility to respond to unethical behavior by disclosures within the research team, whereas administrators propose to report to externally accountable individuals, raising the question of whether scientists' behavior constitutes professional self-regulation or cover up.     

The Unnecessary Nudge: Education and Poverty Policy in a Cairo Slum

Drawing on data collected from 2008 to 2013 in a low‐income Cairo neighborhood, this article examines the impact of a poverty alleviation program, a conditional cash transfer (CCT ) that attempted to incentivize poor mothers, through a direct cash transfer, to send their children to school. The program met its goal. The mothers did send their children to school. I argue that only observing this outcome of school access, however, black‐boxes the causal pathway of how mothers sent their children to school in the Egyptian context, and how the program mattered. Public schools in Egypt are free on paper but expensive in practice due to an informal system of “private lesson” and “study group” fees imposed by teachers. Mothers had always managed this expense, using scarce gendered household resources, before, during, and after the program. Through ethnographic, interview, and survey data, this article shows that while the cash—transferred to the mothers and labeled for education—enabled the mothers to send their children to school, the program conditions were unnecessary. The mothers did not need to be nudged to send their children to school. This Egyptian case study has implications for the use of behavioral incentives and for the importance of qualitative methods to the study of policy impacts.     

Women Survivors Confronting Their Abusers:

This article presents data from a longitudinal study of 72 women who entered therapy in the mid-1980s to deal with the longterm consequences of childhood sexual abuse. Voluntary participants, who were initially reached through their therapists, were surveyed in 1986, 1988, and 1992. With the help of their therapists, the women whose abusers were alive and available faced the questions of whether to confront them, and if so, when and how. In general, responses to the first survey were characterized by a desire to confront without the readiness to do so, responses to survey two by completed confrontations, and responses to survey three by reconfrontations. Findings supported recommendations regarding helping clients to plan, practice, and carry out confrontations safely. They also showed that more recognition should be given to the aftermath of confrontation, debriefing, and reconfrontation, and to survivors with specialized needs, such as women formerly amnesic to their abuse. Clinical implications of these findings and recommendations for clinicians are discussed.     

Gendered Perspectives in Psychology: Immigrant Origin Youth

In this article, we contend that the field of psychology has largely failed to foreground the role of gender in its study of immigration. Here, we review studies that address gender and migration focusing on the experience of children and adolescents. We provide developmental perspectives on family relations, well‐being, identity formation, and educational outcomes, paying particular attention to the role of gender in these domains. We conclude with recommendations for future research, which include the need to consider whether, and if so, how, when, and why it makes a difference to be an immigrant, to be from a particular country, or to be female rather than male. We argue that it is important to consider socioeconomic characteristics; to consider resilience as well as pathology; and to work in interdisciplinary ways to deepen our understanding of the gendered migratory experience of immigrant origin youth.     

The needs of adolescent girls who self-harm

People who self-harm are typically intelligent, adolescent or young adult, middle to upper class girls, who do so to feel something or, paradoxically, to stop feeling and calm down. Girls who self-harm need to feel understood, listened to non-judgmentally, and responded to in relation to the unspoken suffering behind the self-harm behavior. The aim of treatment of girls who self-harm is to facilitate understanding of the act and provide alternative, healthier coping strategies.     

Poverty, Disability and the Role of Older Carers

Due to the high incidence of disability amongst their contemporaries, older people are likely to be involved in informal caring relationships. Due to the limited nature of post-retirement incomes, such carers are also likely to be relatively poor. In spite of this, little attention has been given to the role of older carers of disabled people or to the influence of poverty upon this role. In an attempt to redress this neglect, this paper will explore the way in which the ageing process serves to exacerbate the demands upon such carers, not only due to the increased incidence of disability experienced by older people, but also due to their decreased access to material resources, which would help to alleviate these demands.