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1.
Demography - Scholars traditionally argued that industrialization, urbanization, and educational expansion lead to a decline in extended families and complementary rise in nuclear families. Some... 相似文献
2.
A comparative study of ethnic residential segregation in Ghana’s two largest cities,Accra and Kumasi
The rate of urbanization is far more rapid in sub-Saharan Africa than in any other major region of the world. However, little
is known about patterns of ethnic residential segregation in rapidly urbanizing African cities. This paper is crafted to make
an important contribution through its focus on Ghana’s two largest cities: Accra and Kumasi. Making use of the most recent
population and housing census data of 2000 to generate a Location Quotient index, the analyses explore the cities’ degree
of ethnic diversity and concentration for comparative purposes. In relative terms, the study reveals that the level of residential
ethnic segregation is fairly balanced in Accra compared to Kumasi. However, there are important differences between the findings
of this Ghanaian case study and findings from research in the West, where the residential segregation is heavily determined
by cultural/racial factors in addition to socio-economic factors. In the absence of institutional and ethnic discrimination,
the most fundamental underlying cause of segregation in the Ghanaian case appears to be the socio-economic circumstance of
ethnic groups present in the cities. The paper concludes by exploring the implications of the study for urban and national
development in Ghana as well as the future patterns of ethnic clustering likely to emerge in Accra and Kumasi. 相似文献
3.
Consumption patterns and living standards are relatively neglected in stratification research even though they are important indicators of material well-being. Consumption inequality is related to income and wealth disparities through complex processes not yet well understood. This paper addresses this gap by analyzing a striking shift in the standard of living in housing in the US that occurred at the same time as a substantial increase in income inequality. Houses became significantly bigger in the 1980s and 1990s just as inequalities deepened, reversing an earlier trend towards smaller houses. Diverse theoretical traditions in the consumption and housing stratification literatures explain this shift differently, and in particular posit very different effects of rising income inequality. I derive several alternative expectations from these traditions: two predicting that the increasing size of houses was broadly shared across income levels, while another expects it represented increasing divergence in living standards, paralleling the trend in income inequality. I use US Census and American Housing Survey data and several different methods to adjudicate between these theories. The results provide some support for each of the alternative expectations, but the most significant finding is that big house ownership became more concentrated among the affluent. A focus on living standards thus uncovers a key source of rising disparities at the turn of the 21st century with important implications for wealth stratification too since houses are the major debt and asset held by most Americans. 相似文献
4.
Nicky J. Newton Preet K. Chauhan Shauna T. Spirling Abigail J. Stewart 《Journal of women & aging》2019,31(4):286-303
Retirement is a complex life transition. Women’s retirement, like their work lives, may be further complicated, for example, by family or financial obligations; they may feel forced to retire or to continue working or feel they have the choice to do so. This study examines the role of voluntary versus involuntary retirement or continued work participation among retirement-age women; specifically, the relationships between choice, work status, and well-being. Compared to women forced to retire, women who chose retirement or continuing to work had higher levels of life satisfaction. Findings highlight the importance of examining retirement within the life course context. 相似文献
5.
Steven Tenn 《Journal of population economics》2010,23(4):1319-1337
We explore whether the growing labor force attachment of married women has increased the importance of the wife’s characteristics
in determining the household migration decision. To the contrary, we find that surprisingly little changed between 1960 and
2000. Wives were a weak determinant of family migration over the entire period. Our results suggest that it is difficult to
balance two careers simultaneously, with households finding it optimal to focus primarily on the husband’s career rather than
settling for significantly inferior labor market outcomes for each spouse. 相似文献
6.
Australia’s low fertility rate is commonly attributed to deliberate decisions by women to avoid having children. Existing
theoretical explanations of fertility decision-making mostly view childbearing as a rational, voluntary process and focus
on the ‘costs’ to women of having children. Although this may help explain why women do not have children, it contributes
very little to understanding why women do have children. This study describes childbearing desires, expectations and outcomes
in a population-based sample of 569 30–34-years-old Australian women recruited from the Australian Electoral Roll in 2005.
Most women surveyed wanted to have children, and their childbearing outcomes were associated with biological, psychological
and social factors including the lack of a partner and adverse health conditions. The factors and their relative importance
varied by parity. Most women had fewer children than they desired, and many would have children, or more children, if their
circumstances were different. These data challenge prevailing assumptions about women’s childbearing behaviour that women
are able to choose when and if they have a child. Based on the findings, a conceptual framework of childbearing behaviour
is proposed which builds on existing theoretical explanations to explain why women do and do not have children, differences
by parity, and the role of circumstances in women’s childbearing behaviour. The findings and conceptual framework have implications
for public policies, and indicate that multiple approaches are required which are sensitive to and address the barriers women
face in family formation. 相似文献
7.
《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2021,34(2):e170-e177
BackgroundRates of induction of labour have been increasing globally to up to one in three pregnancies in many high-income countries. Although guidelines around induction, and strength of the underlying evidence, vary considerably by indication, shared decision-making is increasingly recognised as key. The aim of this study was to identify women’s mode of birth preferences and experiences of shared decision-making for induction of labour.MethodAn antenatal survey of women booked for an induction at eight Sydney hospitals was conducted. A bespoke questionnaire was created assessing women’s demographics, indication for induction, pregnancy model of care, initial birth preferences, and their experience of the decision-making process.ResultsOf 189 survey respondents (58% nulliparous), major reported reasons for induction included prolonged pregnancy (38%), diabetes (25%), and suspected fetal growth restriction (8%). Most respondents (72%) had hoped to labour spontaneously. Major findings included 19% of women not feeling like they had a choice about induction of labour, 26% not feeling adequately informed (or uncertain if informed), 17% not being given alternatives, and 30% not receiving any written information on induction of labour. Qualitative responses highlight a desire of women to be more actively involved in decision-making.ConclusionA substantial minority of women did not feel adequately informed or prepared, and indicated they were not given alternatives to induction. Suggested improvements include for face-to-face discussions to be supplemented with written information, and for shared decision-making interventions, such as the introduction of decision aids and training, to be implemented and evaluated. 相似文献
8.
Lorenzo Todesco 《Population research and policy review》2011,30(2):313-332
Previous research has shown that the number of children, their age and the timing of births relative to marriage are associated
with the stability of the parental marital union. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of children in this
multidimensional association as a determinant of disruption in Italy, a country where this research question is particularly
interesting because of the traditional vision of the family, in terms of formation and dissolution procedures, family and
gender roles, and obligations among family members. The relative risk of marital disruption is estimated using some discrete
time event-history models. As expected, the findings show that children born in the marriage have a large protective effect
on marital stability, a sizeable portion of which is not due to the children’s age. Conversely, children born out of wedlock
do not inhibit marital disruption, but neither do they increase the risk as they do in other countries. This is probably because
of the type of reproductive behaviour widespread in Italy. 相似文献
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Under many circumstances, the global rural-to-urban migration trend may be increasingly adopted as a short-term coping strategy to shifting ecologies and natural disasters. While offering certain benefits from macro-level economic and public health perspectives, these migrations may also have unintended psychological consequences that are not easily understood through traditional disaster studies or cost–benefit analyses. If the goal of disaster and climate change research is to promote successful adaptation, then the long-term psychological well-being of people who have survived disaster and either adapted in situ or migrated into urban environments, is paramount. This article integrates research on disasters and climate change-induced migration with emerging perspectives from environmental psychology and the psychology of natural disasters to consider the potential costs of particular migration scenarios. We apply this analysis to the case of Shishmaref, Alaska, a rural Iñupiat community on the northwest coast of Alaska facing habitual flooding disasters linked to climate change. Findings from Shishmaref illustrate the cultural vitality of subsistence landscapes and the potential health risks of compromised human–ecological relationships due to migration and/or displacement. Recommendations for policy makers and researchers are offered for promoting long-term well-being among affected individuals and communities. 相似文献
11.
《Journal of homosexuality》2012,59(11):1535-1545
ABSTRACTIn numerous non-Western cultures around the world, a small but meaningful proportion of individuals occupy alternative gender categories beyond the man/woman binary. A substantial body of past research has shown that feminine, same-sex attracted males in Samoa—a nonbinary gender known as fa’afafine—are more altruistic toward their nieces and nephews than are Samoan men and women. The present study examined the degree to which these kin-directed altruistic tendencies of fa’afafine are motivated by striving for prestige, and hence demonstrating value, within their family. Results showed that cisgender men and women do not differ in the degree to which they seek familial recognition of their altruistic behavior toward nieces and nephews. However, compared to men, fa’afafine sought significantly more acknowledgment of this altruism. These results illustrate one proximate cognitive mechanism for the elevated kin-directed altruism of fa’afafine and highlight the importance of the sociocultural context in which these motivations develop. 相似文献
12.
Melissa Buultjens Gregory Murphy Priscilla Robinson Jeannette Milgrom Melissa Monfries 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2017,30(5):406-414
Background
While the provision of maternity education across the perinatal period can increase the confidence and self-efficacy in childbearing women, there is still thought to be a lack of effective educational resources for parenthood. This study, conducted in Victoria, Australia, investigated women’s experiences of, and attitudes to education communicated in maternity service provision.Methods
189 women were recruited from a variety of settings to participate in a mixed-methods survey about their experiences of perinatal health service education.Findings
Of the sample of childbearing women, 153 (81%) reported attending antenatal classes. Women perceived their antenatal education as beneficial, though many women still felt unprepared beyond labour and birth. With respect to the hospital postnatal stay, findings suggested a variation among the content imparted to women across different Victorian maternity services, (e.g. rural women tended to be more dissatisfied with information received in relation to maternal emotional and physical health). Overall, women wished they had been more informed about breastfeeding and settling techniques, while a lack of information relating to social support initiatives for the postnatal period was also indicated. Women reported that they were missing educational and practical reinforcement of mothercraft skills.Conclusions
There is a need for a reorientation of perinatal health service education. A health promotion approach is suggested as it extends beyond the physical recovery from birth to encompass psychosocial factors; including perinatal morbidities that can disrupt the quality and experience of the transition to parenthood. 相似文献13.
Heather Wood Lois V. McKellar Margaret Lightbody 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2013,26(2):100-104
BackgroundNausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) is a normal, commonly experienced affliction of early pregnancy. Despite this, its impact on women's lives is not necessarily minimal. For some women, the implications of NVP are substantial with multi-faceted effects, hindering their ability to maintain usual life activities, and particularly their ability to work. In an effort to understand the effect of NVP, several researchers have developed NVP measurement tools, which enable an understanding of NVP's effect on quality of life (QOL).ProblemThis paper seeks to provide a review of the literature to explore the impact of NVP on women's quality of life, particularly their ability to maintain social and professional commitments.MethodMedline, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Ebsco, Science Direct, Health Source, Academic Search Premiere, Cochrane databases were extensively searched using Boolean operators with various combinations of relevant terms: nausea, vomiting, pregnancy, emesis, quality of life, QOL, NVPQOL, PUQE, SF-12, SF-36 and limited to those published from 1999 onwards. Papers were scrutinised to include those discussing the impact of normal NVP on women's lives, particularly their QOL with careful exclusion of those addressing hyperemesis gravidarum (HG).FindingsNVP has a significant effect on women's QOL and therefore their ability to maintain day-to-day activities as well as work capacity. This has implications for the woman, her partner, her family and her employers.ConclusionIt is important that all maternity care workers consider the impact of NVP on the woman's QOL and that care is given not to minimise this experience. Further research is warranted which considers ways in which women can best manage this experience in relation to social and professional commitments. Given the authors were able to identify only one Australian study in this area, published in 2000 and utilising non-NVP specific QOL measurement tools, there exists scope for additional local studies using NVP-specific QOL tools to determine the impact of QOL for Australian women and therefore Australian society. 相似文献
14.
Researchers used life table rates from study and comparison groups from rural and urban areas of Cagayan de Oro City, the Philippines to test a simplified method of teaching natural family planning (NFP) defined by calendar, mucus, and cervix indicators. This method included a 6 page booklet, 2 30-minute training sessions, and a question and answer period. Fear of side effects from other contraceptive methods was the leading reason for using NFP (79.4% urban, 85.8% rural). Religious motivation and fear of side effects followed for urban couples, but the percentage was low (14.6%). In rural areas, religious motivation place 3rd (4.1%) preceded by other reasons (6.9%). User error resulted in low accidental pregnancy rates (.8%). Method failure was responsible for higher failure rates than user error, but they were still relatively low (3.4% total). In rural areas, the reason for failure was unclear in 2.6% of couples, but it was only .9% among urban couples. Rural couples who used NFP to space births (spacers) had 2 times the failure rate of those rural couples who used NFP to limit births (limiters) [69% vs. 31%]. Urban spacers had a higher failure rate than urban limiters, but the difference was smaller than it was for rural couples (54.8% vs. 45.2%). Lactation did not have a clear effect on failure rates. For example, in urban areas, partially lactating women had a lower failure rate than nonlactating women (41.9% vs. 58.1%), but in rural areas, lactation had the opposite effect (63.6% for lactating women and 36.4% for nonlactating women). Risk taking resulted in more 6 month pregnancy rates among urban couples than rural couples (12.3% vs. 8.2%). At the end of 6 months, 67.5% of all couples still used the new simplified NFP method (70.3% rural vs. 64.7% urban). Therefore the new simplified NFP method was an effective method for spacing or limiting births. 相似文献
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Jeffrey M. Timberlake 《Population research and policy review》2009,28(2):195-219
This research investigates the extent to which racial and ethnic inequality in children’s neighborhood socioeconomic status
(SES) is exacerbated or attenuated via two mechanisms: changing neighborhood characteristics for residentially nonmobile children,
and differences in the SES of destination versus origin neighborhoods for residentially mobile children. I use longitudinal
data to estimate year-to-year change via these two mechanisms in four measures of neighborhood SES for white, black, and Latino
children. I find that nonmobile white children experience greater improvement in neighborhood SES than statistically comparable
black and Latino children. However, I find lower levels of inequality in neighborhood SES returns to residential mobility;
in fact, in many cases those returns are greater for minority children than for white children. These findings suggest that
continued inequality in children’s neighborhood contexts is not due primarily to inequality in outcomes of residential moves,
but rather to the greater tendency of white children to reside in neighborhoods with higher levels of SES, and the greater
likelihood of those neighborhoods to maintain or improve their levels of SES over time.
相似文献
Jeffrey M. TimberlakeEmail: |
18.
Yoo-Mi Chin 《Journal of population economics》2012,25(1):175-200
Labor force participation of women is expected to decrease the risk of spousal violence by enhancing their bargaining power or diminishing their contacts with abusive partners. The opposite effect is predicted when female employment induces male backlash. I identify the effect of female employment on spousal violence by exploiting the exogenous variations in rural women??s working status driven by rainfall shocks and the rice?Cwheat dichotomy. The instrumental variable regression result indicates that female employment significantly reduces the incidence of spousal violence. This result is mainly driven by the exposure reduction effect that dominates male backlash. There is, however, no evidence on the bargaining effect. 相似文献
19.
Yoo-Mi Chin 《Journal of population economics》2011,25(1):175-200
Labor force participation of women is expected to decrease the risk of spousal violence by enhancing their bargaining power
or diminishing their contacts with abusive partners. The opposite effect is predicted when female employment induces male
backlash. I identify the effect of female employment on spousal violence by exploiting the exogenous variations in rural women’s
working status driven by rainfall shocks and the rice–wheat dichotomy. The instrumental variable regression result indicates
that female employment significantly reduces the incidence of spousal violence. This result is mainly driven by the exposure
reduction effect that dominates male backlash. There is, however, no evidence on the bargaining effect. 相似文献