中国乡村史研究:学术史的回顾与思考

"三农"问题迄今仍是我国经济发展和社会稳定的全局性、根本性问题.因此,从"乡土中国"或"乡土性"的角度来重新审视历史、国情与发展的主张,是非常值得重视的.本文循"乡土关怀"路径所作的学术史回顾与思考,旨在揭示中国乡村史研究强大的学术生命力和对推动社会全面进步重要的实践意义.     

论中国制定《反分裂国家法》的历史依据

台湾与中国大陆同宗同源,同属一个中国.她是中国的一个行省,是中国领土不可分割的一部分.日本投降之初,少数驻台日军少壮派军官策动"台湾独立自治运动",开启了今日"台独"分裂势力的源头.台湾的起源和历史沿革是中国制定<反分裂国家法>的历史依据.     

历史发展"合力论"的理论论证及历史考察

历史发展"合力论"是历史唯物主义的重要内容.马克思、恩格斯对历史发展"合力论"的表述存在历史局限和内在矛盾,但这并不是说这种历史局限和内在矛盾是历史发展"合力论"本身所固有的.通过对马克思恩格斯有关论述的修改和调整,这种历史局限和内在矛盾是可以克服和消除的.马克思恩格斯的历史发展"合力论"思想批判继承了维柯、斯密、康德和黑格尔等人思想中的积极成果.     

广州十三行历史街区的生存危机与保护复兴

广州十三行历史街区曾是大清帝国"一口通商"的门户,是中国古代社会向近现代社会转型的一个突破口,具有划时代的历史意义和纪念性的文化价值.根据国际通用惯例保护复兴历史街区,可以获得"文商旅"共生共赢的效果.当务之急必须克服那种破坏性的建设方案和行为,整改乱象环生的低档次批发市场,坚持"一带一路"发展方向,打造具有国际性内涵的十三行文化旅游区.     

朝鲜"燕行录"文献与中国东北史研究

高丽及其后的朝鲜王朝作为中国的属国,定期派遣使节出使元、明、清王朝,逐渐形成了特殊的"燕行录"文献.这些文献资料具有很强的系统性、广泛性和真实性,所以日前得到很多国家学者越来越多的关注,得以大量开发、利用、出版与研究,并逐渐形成一门新兴的专门学问"燕行学".又由于特殊的区位关系,朝鲜"燕行录"文献又大量地记录了中国东北地区的所见所闻,是研究中国东北地区的重要历史文献.这些文献不仅记载了中国东北地区以及整个中国的历史社会状况,同时也记录了矿产、森林、山川、地形、河流、水源、建筑等自然状况.同时,这些文献还可以给我们反观中国提供新视角,通过"他者"来认识"自我",形成了"会通"研究.总之,通过对"燕行录"文献的"多视角"、"长时段"、"全程性"的收集、整理、利用,有利于中国东北地方史研究,也有着极强的学术价值和现实意义.     

试论中国"无讼"法律文化的成因及其消极影响

中国"无讼"法律文化产生的历史根源在于古人"天人合一"自然和谐观、"法即刑"的法律观及古代刑罚的残酷性和强调"教化为先"的"德治"传统,而其存在的物质基础便是一家一户的小农经济和与此相连的宗法家族制度."无讼"思想在中国传统法律文化中根深蒂固,并且由于历史惯性力的作用,这种思想对当代中国的法制建设仍存在着不可忽视的消极影响.     

茅盾文学批评中的“同化”与“顺应”——中国现代“主流”批评生成演化的微观分析

政治追求是贯穿于20世纪中国文学批评进程的一条鲜明线索.茅盾一生的文学批评活动恰好提供了中国现代"主流"批评生成演化的个人证词.在文学与政治、个人与集体、权力意志与个人思考之间,茅盾一直处在不断的同化与顺应过程中,他的批评成果不仅表现了一代知识分子不断选择、不断徘徊、不断矛盾的心路历程,也显现了"主流"批评发展的历史轨迹.     

论"70后"作家的历史叙事及历史感

当前评论界对"70后"作家批评的一个基本共识是历史感的匮乏,其实"70后"作家的历史感知受制于一个历史与文化上的"流动的缺口",它对"70后"作家的写作形成了一种"表述遏制"."70后"作家在利用各种方式填补这个缺口.在填补的过程中,"70后"作家自觉地遗忘了当下,他们的文本呈现为"活着的过去"与"死了的现在"的对峙."70后"作家不是靠着由过去激起的情感进入了历史写作,而是因为当下的困惑进入了历史,而且在这个过程中他们以自身献祭的方式成为了历史的被驱逐者和被吞没者.人们对"70后"作家历史感匮乏的指责主要是受制于既定叙事模式的影响,我们不能盲目地判定"70后"作家是没有历史感的,他们只是喜欢把过去私有化,而不是像前辈一样公共化,他们的历史感会以其他的方式展现出来.     

异化的范式转移——以中国“房奴”为例

异化是一个历史的范畴,在人类社会发展的不同历史阶段其表现形式不同.早期有自然权力的异化、政治国家的异化和宗教的异化等理论,在自由资本主义阶段异化劳动现象突出.随着社会的发展,生产与消费的角色逐渐发生变移,从以生产为中心的社会转向以消费为中心的社会,由需求消费变为欲求消费.在消费主义思想的支配下,很多人为追求符号与荣誉而消费,在享受奢华的同时陷入了偿付困境,消费异化现象凸现.中国现在的"房奴"就是异化消费的重要体现,它是由多种因素导致的消费异化"综合症".     

日本"战后民主主义"的反省与"伊藤鲁迅"的形成

伊藤虎丸和竹内好对日本反省和批判思想是一致的.伊藤虎丸继承了竹内好强烈的现实感和反省意识所构成的主体精神的自觉,对鲁迅及其中国现代文学的思考,是立足于对日本近代化的反省与批判上,包含着对历史的深刻认识.与竹内好不同的是,伊藤虎丸是从对战后日本现实问题的反省开始他的鲁迅及中国现代文学研究的,也是对"战后民主主义"的再确认和再思考.     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.