我国特许经营存在的问题及对策

一般来说，特许经营是一种根据合同进行的商业活动、是一种互利的合作关系。即特许授予人按照合同要求、约束条件给予特许被授予人的一种权利，允许受许人使用特许人已开发出的企业形象（如商标、商号）和经营技术。诀窍及其他工业知识产权，有关受许人的承诺和义务责任问题、使用权的回报都在合同中加以明确说明。特许经营是实现扩张的一种比较好的形式，一些中小企业可以在节约资本投入的前提下达到不用自建分支机构就可以实现扩张。特许人和受许人在保持其独立性的同时，经过特许经营合同双方获利，特许人可以按其经营模式顺利扩大业务，…     

特许经营的优势及发展前景

特许经营被誉为"21世纪的主导商业模式".所谓特许经营是特许人(盟主)与被特许人(加盟商、受许人)之间的一种合同(契约)关系.这种合同是一种既定格式的合同,而非经由双方商议而订立下的合同.即特许人事先将合同的内容拟妥、印妥,然后将相同格式的合同交给众多的加盟申请人,请其同意后签订的一种合同.     

新选择:特许经营

<正> 对传统零售商来说,扩展生意的唯一途径就是开更多的店铺、招聘更多的人。这种模式使公司承受着巨大的财政负担,因此只能带来慢速增长的结果。如今,一种新的商业经营模式——特许经营正从海外向我们走来,于是,希望迅速实现低成本扩张的商家们又多了一种选择。 “克隆”富翁的流水线 何谓特许经营?国际特许经营协会对它的解释是:特许经营是特许者与被特许者之间的一种契约关系。根据契约,特许者向被特许者提供一种独特的商业经营特许权,并给予人员培训、组织结构、经营管理、商品采购等方面的指导与帮助;而被特许者在特许者统一     

基于着色随机Petri网的TOT特许经营期决策模型

引入项目风险对TOT特许经营现金流的影响,提出风险因素影响下的净现值法求解特许经营期,构建基于着色随机Petri网的TOT特许经营期决策模型。通过模型求解特许经营期的概率分布及其期望值,为TOT项目特许权期的确定和决策提供一种新的解决思路和方法。     

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的污水处理BOT项目特许期决策模型

特许期是BOT项目特许经营协议中的关键参数之一.本文首先界定了污水处理BOT项目特许期的影响因素,以此为基础构建了一个带有收益约束条件的特许期决策模型,综合运用NPV与蒙特卡罗模拟方法对模型进行求解,根据大连市凌水河污水处理BOT项目的案例数据验证了该方法,并分别对有大修和无大修两种移交条件下的特许期区间进行了估计,为此类项目的特许期决策提供了一种可借鉴、可操作的方法.     

BOT项目投资与特许权期的二维招标合同设计

为让管理水平较高的私营集团获得BOT项目特许权,并实现项目社会福利最大,本文利用机制设计理论建立了一个关于BOT项目投资与特许权期的二维招标合同的直接机制模型。通过模型分析,获得了该招标机制的可行性条件,最优形式和相应配置方案,并由一个算例表明,得到的最优招标机制在实际中是有效的。所获结果为政府对BOT特许权招标提供了一种理论指导和实际方法。     

特许经营:双赢的商业模式

特许经营是当今欧美发达国家中发展最快的一种商业模式。与其它商业模式相比，特许经营有三个明显的特点：一是有一个特许人。特许人是整个特许经营组织的核心，发挥着领袖作用，对整个特许经营组织体系进行管理。如麦当劳公司要求新的受许人必须进入“汉堡包大学”学习如何管理企业，在购买原料、制作和销售产品时，必须遵从规定的操作程序，以保证满足顾客对麦当劳优质产品、迅捷服务、优雅环境和物有所值的要求。二是采用相同的经营方式与特色。特许经营组织体系的众多受许人，都按照一个统一的经营方式来运作，例如相同的门店装潢、人员…     

基础设施BOT项目特许权期决策的动态博弈模型

特许权期是基础设施BOT项目融资建设中的一个重要决策变量,但目前缺乏计算特许权期的理论方法。应用博弈论原理,建立了投资成本变动下的动态博弈与特许权期决策模型,该模型在算例中得到了演示。研究结果表明,该动态博弈模型能为政府和企业进行特许权期决策提供有效的计算方法。     

特许经营:意丹奴个案研究

特许经营是近年发展起来的一种商业运作方式,现已风行世界。它是得到某特许法人承认的中小独立经营者以总公司提供的商品、服务、理念、品牌、管理体系为中心的经营模式,是在契约规定下严格运作的营销形式。得到特许的经营者可在约定的期限内使用特许人的商标、产品或经营技术,以及接受特许人提供的信息和培训等。随着跨国公司进入我国市场,特许经营的经营形式逐步为国人所熟悉。意丹奴是新兴的休闲服装品牌,在服装市场持续走低的大背景下,经过短短两年时间不仅创出了品牌,还在全国拥有了近百家加盟连锁店,取得了与真维斯、佐丹奴等洋品牌相…     

基于CAPM的BOT项目特许期的计算模型

BOT项目的特许期是项目特许权协议中的重要内容。文献[1]和文献[2]提出了BOT项目特许期的计算模型,本文针对文献[1]和文献[2]的计算模型中贴现率取值仅考虑银行贷款利率和通货膨胀率两方面的影响因素而存在的缺陷,提出了基于CAPM资本资产定价模型的BOT项目特许期的改进计算模型,为科学合理的确定BOT项目的特许期提供了理论基础。     

The Choice of Governance Modes of International Franchise Firms — Development of an Integrative Model

This paper examines the evolution of the international franchise research with special focus on the governance modes of the international franchise firm and develops a new model for the franchisor's choice of the international governance modes. International governance modes in franchising refer to wholly-owned subsidiaries, joint venture franchising, area development franchising and master franchising. Although many studies on the governance modes of the international franchise firm have been published in the last two decades, no prior study develops an integrative framework that investigates the determinants of the international governance modes by combining organizational economics and strategic management perspectives. Specifically, this study explains the governance modes of the international franchise firm by applying transaction cost theory, agency theory, resource-based and organizational capabilities theory and property rights theory.     

Making Franchising Work: A Framework Based on a Systematic Review

There is a large and fragmented literature that examines the nature of franchising. This paper aims to collect all the empirical evidence on the factors that make franchising work and to integrate this evidence in a framework. A narrative synthesis was performed of 126 peer‐reviewed empirical journal articles. This review shows how the outcomes of franchising are determined by five major clusters of factors: ownership structure, business format design, contract design, behavior of the franchisor and the franchisee and their interaction, and the age and size of the system and its units. It identifies what franchisors and franchisees need to do to be successful and which evidence gaps and conflicting results remain. To yield better outcomes for both the franchisor and the franchisee, they should work on a recognizable brand name and a good working relationship; in addition, they should have suitable skills and attitudes as well as contractual exclusive territories. For further improvement of franchisee outcomes, high‐quality franchisor support, decentralized decision‐making, selection tools and fair contracts are essential. The effects of a high franchise proportion, active ownership, knowledge exchange and standardized operating instructions are contingent on other structural and contextual factors in the system. Conflicts and tying should be prevented. Hardly any research has been undertaken into which franchise designs are valued by customers. The authors have launched a research agenda for further research, from various theoretical perspectives, into the interactions between system elements, actors and contexts.     

An Empirical Evaluation of Conflict in the Franchise System

This paper articulates the theoretical rationale for conflict in franchising, operationalizes conflict through the measurement of franchisee satisfaction and labels empirically supported stratified satisfaction levels. Two propositions are advanced in relation to the drivers of conflict in franchise systems. The first proposition is underpinned by relational exchange theory, which postulates that franchisee–franchisor goal congruence is important to the fulfilment of the alliance efficiencies which motivate inter-organizational forms. Cooperation, communication, coordination and commitment, as perceived by the franchisees, are used in the context of a survey instrument to operationalize goal congruence.
The second proposition involves franchisor-provided services. Transaction-cost analysis suggests that long-term contractual relationships must be flexibly interpreted and governed if the relationship is to be maintained over a series of transactions. We propose that the transactional intersection of the franchise system is in franchisor-provided services. The perceived importance and subsequent adequacy of delivery of these services established a tolerance zone within which transactions support and/or enhance the relationship between the franchisor and the franchisee.
The empirical objectives of the study are accomplished utilizing a questionnaire sent to nine franchise systems, to which 621 franchisees responded. Three clear clusters of franchisee conflict emerged in near equal proportions. The propositions are supported and illustrated empirically and in CHAID tree diagram form.     

A Model of Entrepreneurial Autonomy in Franchised Outlets: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Evidence

Entrepreneurial autonomy among franchisees is a persistent management challenge. There is a lack of empirical synthesis of its drivers, its consequences, and how it can be integrated with the standardization requirements in franchise systems. Various theoretical and empirical studies have stressed that merging franchisee autonomy with the franchisor's desire for uniformity is extremely difficult. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of the relevant empirical studies in order to identify a range of influences, controls, outcomes and associated moderating and mediating factors that offer a better representation of what contributes to the understanding of franchisee entrepreneurial autonomy. By drawing together findings from a broad range of theoretical perspectives, the evidence was used to develop a comprehensive model of entrepreneurial autonomy in franchised outlets. The model not only provides a structure that brings together prior studies, but also identifies the less researched areas that can advance the management literature on the notion of autonomy in franchising. The research and practitioner implications of the review and its limitations and possible directions for future studies are discussed.     

Variable Royalty Rates for Improving Franchise Channel Coordination*

A business format franchisor obtains a major part of its revenues from franchise royalties, which are typically a fixed percentage of franchisee gross sales. When a fixed royalty rate is used and the marginal costs of operating the franchise are increasing, the franchisee does not have an incentive to increase sales beyond a certain “optimal” volume. We present a model that recommends the use of a variable franchise royalty rate for extending this optimal sales volume. For a general convex cost function, we show that a new lower rate can be applied to incremental sales beyond the original optimal level. We show that this new rate should be less than half of the original rate when a quadratic cost function is applicable. Adopting a variable royalty rate increases franchisor royalty revenues and franchisee profits.     

Complementarities and Substitutabilities in Franchise Contracting: Some Results from the German Franchise Sector

According to the property rights approach,decision rights have to be allocated accordingto the distribution of intangible knowledge assetsbetween the franchisor and franchisee andownership rights have to be assigned according to theresidual rights of control (residual decisionrights). Since residual income rights are diluted infranchising relationships, ownership rightsinclude not only residual income rights (initial fees androyalties) but also complementary ownershipsurrogates to simulate the motivation effect of undilutedownership rights. Therefore, under a propertyrights perspective, an efficient contract structure infranchise relationships implies co-locationbetween knowledge assets and decision rights andcomplementarity between residual decision andownership rights. The more important the franchisor's(franchisee's) system-specific assets (localmarket knowhow) for the generation of residual surplus, themore decision and complementary ownership rightsshould be transferred to the franchisor(franchisee). Three hypotheses were derivedfrom the property rights approach and tested in the Germanfranchise sector. The empirical results arepartly supportive of the hypotheses.     

连锁便利商店加盟关系中止倾向之研究

以台湾全家便利连锁店为研究对象,从信任和关系中止的联系出发,采取问卷调查的方法,探讨影响加盟关系中止的主要因素.结果显示:1.加盟者的经济满足和非经济满足与其对加盟总部的信任程度正相关,非经济满足的影响更大.2.总部和加盟者之间的沟通程度与加盟者对加盟总部的信任程度正相关.3.加盟者与总部的非功能性冲突与其对加盟总部的信任程度负相关,功能性冲突与信任程度正相关,且非功能性冲突的影响大于功能性冲突.4.信任是影响加盟关系中止的前因变量,信任在非经济满足和非功能性冲突对关系中止的影响中具有中介效果.     

Knowledge attributes and the choice of knowledge transfer mechanism in networks: the case of franchising

In this paper we develop a knowledge-based view on the choice of knowledge transfer mechanisms in franchising that integrates results from the information richness theory. Starting from the information richness theory we argue that tacitness of system knowledge, operationalized by codifiability, teachability and complexity, determines the information richness of the knowledge transfer mechanisms of franchising firms. We examine the following hypotheses: (1) If the franchisor’s knowledge is characterized by a high degree of codifiability and teachability and a low degree of complexity, knowledge transfer mechanisms with a lower degree of information richness are used; (2) If the franchisor’s knowledge is characterized by a high degree of complexity and a low degree of codifiability and teachability, knowledge transfer mechanisms with a higher degree of information richness are used. We test these hypotheses by using data from 52 franchising firms in the Austrian franchise sector. The data provide support for the hypotheses.     

Programmed, Autonomous-Formal and Spontaneous Organizational Learning

Organizational learning (OL) has been represented either as the systematic governance of collective expertise or as a relatively anarchic process of implicit transaction within and across fluid, dispersed communities of practice. Qualitative case‐study research open to both perspectives was conducted in a not‐for‐profit service organization, a franchisee company and a vertically integrated company, all based in Hong Kong. Two forms of OL as systematic governance were found: ‘programmed’ OL (POL) and ‘autonomous‐formal’ OL (AFOL), respectively. The relative emphasis on POL and AFOL appeared to vary from organization to organization, and to be influenced by management philosophy and by institutional frameworks such as professionalization and franchisee status. A ‘spontaneous’ and dispersed form of implicitly transacted OL (SOL) was also found. SOL appeared to reflect natural exuberance but was attenuated when colleagues regarded knowledge as a commodity. There appeared to be synergy between AFOL and SOL.     

互联网平台多属策略、经营模式与商家绩效

目前互联网第三方平台发展迅速,平台选择成为商家重要的经营策略。然而,商家在传统经营模式下依然缺乏对互联网平台策略价值实现的认识,并面临着互联网平台价值实现路径选择的难题。根据资源依赖理论,本文以O2O平台（饿了么,美团,百度外卖）410家水果店商家为样本,实证分析了商家选择互联网平台多属策略对其绩效的影响,并考察了传统连锁加盟模式对该路径选择的调节作用。结果表明,线上平台多属策略正向影响商家绩效,连锁加盟模式强化了平台多属策略对绩效的积极作用。研究结论对未来研究和商家的创新实践提供了针对性的启示。