90年代以来日本中小企业的发展趋势

进入90年代以后,随着信息化和全球化进程的加快以及日本经济形势的恶化,中小企业在外部环境和内部经营中面临严峻的挑战。为此,在日本政府和中小企业的共同努力之下,中小企业开始了以主体化、信息化、联盟化和国际化为代表的新的发展。     

论政府在统筹城乡发展中的功能与作用

统筹城乡发展是一项非常复杂的社会系统工程,加强政府对城乡关系的宏观调控至关重要,不可或缺。政府对统筹城乡发展具有规划功能、导引功能、调节功能、服务功能。政府必须把加快城镇化建设,实现城乡劳动者充分就业,培育城乡统一市场,实现城乡居民收入增长作为调控现阶段城乡关系的方向和重点。应注意充分发挥规划、政策、法律等机制在调控城乡关系中的作用。     

Negotiating survival: undocumented Mexican immigrant women in the Pacific Northwest

Current analyses of Mexico–U.S. migration theory generally are based on socioeconomic contexts and decision-making processes of male respondents. Further, limited data available on undocumented Mexican immigrant women mainly address the Mexico–U.S. border area, and adjacent U.S. urban centers. Our qualitative study focuses on undocumented Mexican immigrant women residing in central Washington State, where the regional economy is dominated by agribusiness development and dependent on immigrant and migrant farm labor. This paper assesses propositions of neoclassical economic and social capital theories of international migration in explaining the women’s migration decision-making processes. Project data indicate that while the Pacific Northwest has been a primary migration destination for sometime, it now may be increasingly a second-stage U.S. migration site, following initial migration to more traditional destinations such as California.     

Police and Government in the 1990s

This article considers the proposals made for reform of local government and the creation of unitary authorities. It considers the relationship between police forces and local government and the introduction of new management structures for police forces. It argues for coterminous police and district authority boundaries, for district police committees and for closer coordination of police and other local services in the development of crime prevention programmes.     

Welfare and the unemployment crisis: Sweden in the 1990s

In the 1990s Sweden went through a deep economic recession accompanied by a massive increase in unemployment and a rapidly growing budget deficit. The crisis had large repercussions for the welfare of many citizens and it generated cutbacks in virtually all social policy programmes. This halted a welfare-state expansion that had been going on for decades. It also caused great concern about the state of welfare of the nation. In 1999 the Swedish Government appointed a 'Welfare Commission', a team of academic researchers who were assigned the task of drawing up a balance sheet for the development of welfare in the 1990s. The Commission delivered its final report in October 2001. This article is a condensed account of one of the more central issues for the Commission; namely, how the unemployment crisis affected already socially and economically vulnerable groups. Looking at the development over the entire decade, three groups stand out as particularly disadvantaged in terms of individual welfare resources: young adults, immigrants and single mothers. The downturn for these groups was especially accentuated in terms of employment and income. Young people and immigrants trying to get into the labour market during the crisis years faced the problems of newcomers to the systems of social protection. The poor economic development for single mothers could essentially be attributed to the shortage of work in general and of full-time work in particular that followed from the unemployment crisis. As a consequence, the importance of selective benefits increased and the relative size of all public transfers – despite rationing measures – stayed fairly unchanged. The results highlight the great influence of macroeconomic conditions and policy making for the welfare of vulnerable groups in society.     

Civic culture and socioeconomic development in the United States: a view from the states, 1880s-1990s

Putnam (1993) reported that the geographic distribution of civic culture in Italy has remained about the same for at least 100 years. He also found that civic culture at the turn of the century does a better job than socioeconomic development during the same period of explaining contemporary levels of civic culture and socioeconomic development. In this study, we extend the analysis of culture and development to the US states. Like Putnam, we find that civic culture is very durable, with the relative ranking of the states in terms of civic culture staying about the same over the last 100 years. Also like Putnam, we show that civic culture seems to influence socioeconomic development far more than the other way around. Taken together, the findings from Italy and the US are powerful evidence that civic culture is an important antecedent to socioeconomic development.     

The IPO phenomenon in the 1990s

Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) were the most prevalent form of securities issued to raise capital by firms wanting to go public during the last decade (1990–2000) in the United States. The IPO phenomenon got a tremendous boost during the late 1990s by the popularity of the Internet stocks. In the so-called ‘bubble period’ of 1998–1999, hardly a week went by when one or two IPOs, particularly of the Internet variety, did not appear in the capital market. In this paper we have analyzed the IPO phenomenon during 1990–1995 and during 1996–1999. We have also focused on Internet bubble during 1998–1999, and the IPO meltdown after March 2002. We have found that not all IPOs performed well in 1999, the majority of the 25 IPOs that had the highest first-day gains over 200% in 1999 had also a poor performance record during 2001–2002. As the IPOs issued now are few in number, we may not see the kind of ‘irrational exuberance’ as we witnessed in the late 1990s, for the foreseeable future in the United States.     

Organization and Professionalism: The Social Work Agenda in the 1990s

Dr R. Hugman. Dept. of Applied Social Science. Cartmel College. Lancaster University. Lancaster LAI 4YL. Summary The professionalization of social work in the UK during thiscentury has led to an occupational unity, but one in which therehas been continued struggle over the form and content of professionalism.This paper summarizes the key points of developments in thelast two decades, in which debates between professionalism andanti-professionalism and between specialization and localizationcan be discerned. Further changes in the welfare state haveprovided the impetus for continuing developments which, it isargued, integrate aspects from opposing sides of the previousdebates. The failure of social work to address issues of genderand of racism is considered, and related to the possibilitiesof greater service user participation. The implications forsocial work professionalism are outlined.     

京郊农村蔬菜产销专业合作组织兴起的制度分析

目前,京郊农业产业结构正在进行调整,粮食种植面积逐渐减少,而蔬菜种植面积开始大规模增加,一个规模庞大的蔬菜产销市场正逐步形成.技术的进步使得传统种植方式和种植品种发生转变,农户与市场间的直接或间接联系日渐紧密,各种蔬菜产销专业合作组织应运而生.     

Changes in Chinese Fiction in the 1990s

YiJing:PronouncedchangeshavetakenplaceinfictionwritinginChinaduringthe199Os,andcriticshaveheld"solemn"ceremoniestoassignnew"definitions."Whatdoyouthinkofthis?ChenSihe:SomecriticshaveindulgedtoomuchinWesternpost-modernisttheoriesandtheyexaggeratethepost-modernelementsinChinesecultureundertheimpactofamarketeconomy.Whenweconsiderthedevelopmentoftheories-frompost-modernismtopost-colonialismtotheThirdWorld-wecan'thelpthinkingabouttheimitationofmodernWesternwritersbyChinesefictionwritersofthe19…     

The Medical Profession and the State: GPs and the GP Contract in the 1960s and the 1990s

This paper examines the two major conflicts between general practitioners and the state in the mid-1960s and again at the end of the 1980s. In the mid-1960s morale in general practice was low, but GPs emerged with a strong endorsement from government for their professional autonomy. In 1990 morale was high, but government succeeded in imposing a new contract on GPs that sought to increase their accountability. GPs have always defended their status as independent contractors. However, the paper argues that GPs saw this status as a means of protecting their professional freedom and autonomy. When the government treated them more as independent contractors in 1990 and demanded more specific terms, GPs did not like it. Furthermore, the new GPs' contract was introduced alongside the new internal market of the NHS, which has had further implications for GPs' status as independent contractors.     

与影视共舞的20世纪90年代的北京文学——兼论京味文学第四波

本文拟以北京文学为个案考察 2 0世纪 90年代文学与媒介的关系。认为以 2 0世纪 90年代初北京三部电视剧为转折点 ,影视媒介的兴起予以文学以深远影响。这具体表现在 ,文学借影视而复苏、促进艺术潮转向、实现自我重构 ,同时还促成京味文学第四波。这一个案研究证明 ,媒介的变化必然地影响文学在地位、语言形态、审美方式、人物形象、文化类型等方面的全面变化。     

二十世纪九十年代女性小说话语特征管窥

20世纪90年代,一批女性作家以女性主义的姿态和女性境况的实录颠覆着男权社会,尝试着女性话语及其精神谱系的建构。她们以一种独语而非对话的方式展开陈述,探索女性隐秘的私人空间和复杂的情感世界,挖掘遮蔽在"人"的解放旗帜下的"女人"的自我发现。女性小说将女性经验的表达及时间体验的表述置于人的主体之中,从生命存在的本体意义上进行关照和反思,表现出强烈的女性话语特征。     

90年代日本的社会思潮浅析

20世纪 90年代以来 ,日本社会思潮发生了很大变化。这主要表现在战后以来的和平主义和保守主义思潮两极对立结构的终结 ,而代之以民族主义和改革思潮的兴起。下面 ,试对 90年代以来日本社会思潮变化的背景条件、民族主义和改革思潮的诸种表现、特征以及未来演变趋势做一粗浅分析。一、国内外环境的变化及其影响(一 )冷战的终结及其影响直到 2 0世纪 80年代末的战后日本社会思潮 ,尽管经历了诸多变迁 ,但有着一个基本特征 ,这就是与国际和日本国内的冷战结构相联系 ,存在着和平主义与保守主义的严重对立。但是 ,这种左右两极对立的结构 ,到 9…     

Squaring the welfare circle and government ideology: Greece and Spain in the 1990s

This article examines the squaring the welfare circle thesis and its usefulness to our understanding of welfare developments in Greece and Spain in the 1990s. The welfare state in both Greece and Spain was expanded considerably in the early 1980s by the newly elected socialist governments, only to hit the buffers of diminishing resources and rising demands in the late 1980s as well as the hostile neo-liberal welfare ideology. The process of welfare expansion was halted in the 1990s, labour market deregulation was encouraged and containment of welfare expenditure became the dominant aim of government policies. This article concentrates on the actual policies of governments in the 1990s rather than on the rhetoric of political parties. It concludes that governments of both the Left and the Right in both countries attempted to square the welfare circle mainly through reductions in the supply of welfare. This general conclusion is country-specific and may not apply to other countries involved in welfare restructuring. While recognizing the significance of institutional factors to welfare reform, the article concentrates on the outcomes of reforms rather than on the political process leading to them.