企业社会资本的概念与测量：一个综合理论分析框架

本文采用“网络闭合”和“结构洞”两种社会资本的理论视角,提出“信任”和“网络位置”是企业社会资本的最主要特征的观点,并从组织和群体两个层面及企业内部和外部两个部分对企业的社会资本测量进行了分析。在本文所提出的企业社会资本测量的分析框架中,在组织层面上,将企业看作是网络中的节点,关注企业的正式关系以及网络结构特征;在群体层面上,将企业社会资本看作是企业“班底”的内部信任程度以及在他们在人际关系网络中的位置。     

Social Capital, Social Funds and Poor Communities: An Exploratory Analysis

Social capital has captured the attention of social policy-makers and development administrators, with its emphasis on social relationships, civic participation, collaborative action and norms of reciprocity. Social funds support small-scale community-based development projects aimed primarily at reducing poverty. This article synthesizes the relevant literature and explores the nexus between social capital and social funds in relation to poor communities. Drawing upon primary research in Jamaica, the article reports the outcomes of eight social fund sub-projects that involved local organizations in community-driven development processes. It analyses the role of social networks and the influence of community power structures in social capital creation. Social policy implications of the findings are discussed.     

近朱者赤：基于社会网络分析方法的归国者跨国社会资本转移研究

本文基于同质性理论、同群效应和类聚效应,建立了归国者跨国资本转移机制的模型,并根据“千人计划”学者合作者网络,计算并分析了他们的跨国学术资本转移情况。结果表明,“千人计划”学者归国后积累了更多的学术社会资本;通过“三元闭包”机制,将国外学术社会资本转移至国内;归国后所积累的资本转移效率更高;通过资本转移,“千人计划”学者有助于打破聚簇密度,引发创新级联。本研究的意义在于提出了社会资本的转移模型和计算公式,发现社会资本的转移是一个弱关系到强关系、间接联系到直接联系的过程,并通过定量的方法研究了归国者所带来的社会影响。     

Bonding and Bridging Social Capital Development by Social Workers

ABSTRACT

Developing service users’ bonding and bridging social capital is an increasingly recognized role of social workers. A survey of 570 Chinese service users, sampled from 41 social service units in Hong Kong, provided data for the study. Results demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity in a confirmatory factor model about the measurement of bonding and bridging social capital development, mutuality, and assistance to the community. This evidence for the validity and usefulness of social capital development endorses social workers’ role in developing service users’ social capital. Further research needs to assess the generalizability of the present findings in other sociocultural settings.     

社会网络资本与干部职业地位获得

本文利用2003年-5月至2004 年5 月间对两省委党校部分学员的调查资料,分析了社会网络资本、人力资本和年龄等因素对干部现职级别的影响,结果发现,社会网络资本在干部职业地位获得过程中确实起着重要作用。其中,网络顶端、父母行政级别、关键人行政级别、与关键人的熟悉程度等因素对因变量具有显著的正面影响,而网络规模、网络多元性等对因变量的影响不显著或产生负面影响。这说明,在当前干部职业地位获得过程中,关系强度和地位发挥了关键作用,而广泛的交往并不能增加干部职位提升的机会。多元回归分析还表明,社会网络资本并不是唯一起作用的因素,人力资本和社会资本构成了当前干部职业地位获得中的并行不悖的双重机制。     

Risks and Resources: Social Capital among Social Assistance Recipients in Norway

Based on a nationally representative panel study covering the period 1985–2003, a Norwegian cohort is investigated with regard to the risks of receiving social assistance benefits. Traditionally, welfare dependency, poverty and receipt of social assistance have been explained by beneficiaries’ human capital deficits, the structural or institutional design of the welfare system, or the level of welfare benefits. This article investigates the potentially mediating effects of social capital on the risks of receiving social assistance in youth and young adulthood. In addition, the role of the institutional welfare design on the accumulation of social capital itself is examined. The resulting analyses suggest that even if individuals’ social capital is related to the risks of receiving social assistance, it is rather the respondents’ human capital and welfare recipiency in itself that are the driving force behind paths leading individuals into further social assistance recipiency. The article concludes with an analysis suggesting that the institutional design of the Norwegian social assistance benefits reduces social capital for the beneficiaries.     

Social Exclusion and Poverty: Translating Social Capital into Accessible Resources

This article investigates the dynamic multi‐dimensional processes through which the poor become excluded from social participation. Drawing on social capital literature, it traces how bridging and bonding capital do not always translate into expected levels of social participation. It does so by detailing research findings from low income focus groups undertaken in Dunedin, New Zealand. These describe the experiences of group members in attempting to manage connections around employment, their own broader social participation or the participation of their children. In each case, the study highlights the difficulties of translation they experienced: in particular, translating available bridging or bonding capital into useful social, cultural or economic resources which could mitigate their social exclusion or enable fuller social participation.     

中国社会文化背景下社会网络资本的测量

本文提出了一套由网络规模、网顶、网差、网络异质性、网络的密度所构成的社会网络资本的测量模型。基于2003年和2006年中国综合社会调查数据,借助结构方程模型的方法,验证了这个测量模型在中国社会文化背景下具有良好的信度和效度;同时,也说明了春节拜年网是测量中国人社会网络资本的有效工具。     

城市新移民社会资本的理性转换

本文运用2007年600位城市新移民的问卷调查数据,通过比较分析总体社会资本与本地社会资本对城市新移民社会融合的影响,旨在揭示城市新移民的本地社会资本在何种意义上更有利于其社会融合。研究发现,尽管本地社会资本更有利于城市新移民的总体社会融合,但其作用的大小和方向却有所差异。这表明,城市新移民社会资本的本地化是理性选择的结果。     

Social capital and health at the country level

This study examines the relationship between social capital and health. We use various estimation methods such as pooled OLS, a split-sample approach, a quadratic regression, and fixed effects model to investigate country-level unbalanced panel data of 194 countries for the time period 1990–2015. The results support the negative effect of bonding social capital and the positive effect of bridging social capital on health. The effects are more pronounced in low income countries. The first contribution of the paper is to better explain the mixed results of previous studies by focusing on the distinction between the two types of social capital. The second contribution of the paper is to address endogeneity and nonlinearity problems and to capture dynamic change by using various econometric methods. The findings imply that the socio-economic effects of social capital are different depending on the type of social capital.     

人力资本、社会资本对大学生就业质量的影响

人力资本对就业地区、就业行业、单位性质和承诺月薪的影响力分别为3.08%、10.4%、2.89%、12.38%,总影响力为7.19%;社会资本对以上四项的影响力分别为17.57%、3.54%、3.48%、1.82%,总影响力为4.69%。人力资本和社会资本成为大学生就业质量的双轮驱动力。就业质量差异扩大是一国经济发展的必然结果。人力资本的影响是合理的,而社会资本的影响具有两面性。大学生要努力积累人力资本,高校应开展就业能力导向的教学改革,政府要完善劳动力市场,以改善大学生就业质量。     

区域社会转型与城市居民的社会资本研究

本文使用CGSS2006调查数据,分析了城市社会转型对居民社会资本获取和动员过程的具体影响。研究发现,在社会资本获得过程中,城市社会转型不会影响居民社会资本的地位效应却影响了居民社会资本网络位置效应,“超大城市”居民在社会网络资本的“网络位置效应”因子均值上显著地低于“小城市”居民;随着城市规模的增大,市场化程度对教育的社会资本地位效应获取率的负向影响有越来越小。在社会资本动员过程中,市场化程度与社会资本地位效应因子的经济回报率正相关,而与社会资本网络位置效应的经济回报率不相关。     

是“关系”，还是社会资本

社会资本概念引入华人学界以来,其影响力使许多学者把它作为研究和解释中国人关系的路径,但在这种将“社会资本”与“关系”概念合并的趋势中有许多问题被遮蔽了。本文通过对社会资本与关系的各自抽象度、对应性和社会形态等的辨析,指出关系的研究基础是家庭本位的社会,而社会资本的研究基础是公民社会,它们在个体选择性、成员资格、公私利益、参与性和做人等方面都有差异。本文还探讨了关系及社会资本各自可能延伸出的研究方向。     

改制前后国有企业工人社会资本的变化——以黑龙江省T企业为例

企业社会资本研究的主要脉络包括企业组织社会资本、企业家社会资本和员工社会资本。目前企业的员工社会资本研究在国内外学术界较为鲜见。通过运用社会资本理论,将企业的员工社会资本操作化为由"士气"与"和谐"等12个指标组成的研究分析框架,采取个案访问法对黑龙江省国有企业T公司的研究发现,改制后工人社会资本处于一种受损的状态,其深层原因主要是企业家与工人之间信任缺失,工人平等参与水平较低,收入分配不公程度增高。企业的工人社会资本重建应通过机制完善和社会工作介入路径,去重塑信任关系,解决改制过程中工人的适应性、主体性和福利保障等问题,以提高企业的竞争力。     

社会资本的社会管理创新价值

社会管理创新重点在于体制创新与机制创新,体制创新是社会管理创新的逻辑起点。社会管理创新要解决的首要问题是政府对公共权力及其价值的基本认知。社会管理创新的关键在于政府与社会之间建立平等的合作关系,形成协同治理的合作状态。社会管理创新的基本目的是实现社会资源的有效整合,提高社会整体运行效率,降低社会管理成本。社会资本以人际关系、组织间关系为基本研究论域。在社会管理创新过程中,信任社会资本、网络社会资本、规范社会资本能够有效地提高集体行动的效率,降低行为风险和社会管理的不确定性。     

影响高校大学生职业选择的因素分析:基于社会资本和人力资本的双重考察

本文利用2006年5月6月份对西部地区三所高校大学生就业行为调查的数据，分析了家庭背景和自身学业成就对大学毕业生职业选择的影响。研究发现，社会资本和人力资本对大学生职业选择有显著影响作用。大学生拥有的社会资本越充裕，人力资本越丰富，其就业意向越高。具体表现在：就业单位选择更倾向于选择资源丰富的单位就业；就业地区更倾向于选择经济发达、收入较高的地区；其毕业期望月薪值也越高。     

社会资本理论视阈下的社会稳定问题研究

转型期的中国正处于矛盾多发期,对稳定社会秩序的追求已成为人们最大的利益。社会资本所蕴涵的诚信、规范有序和公民密集的参与网络,直接影响着社会稳定与和谐。当前,我国社会资本还存在着严重缺失和不均衡现象,制约着社会的良性运行和协调发展,对我国社会稳定的维护产生了极大地影响。因此,培育社会资本应当成为维护、增进社会稳定的一个重要视角。     

The Functional Value of Social Capital

In the decade plus since I raised social capital in the ABC Boyer lectures, too much of recent discussions and work have failed to relate practice and theory. Strong interest in the idea by governments and many practitioners, often looking for measures of community competencies, offer scales of varying merit. At the same time there has been continuing, often bitter, academic debates on the problems of definitions and its possible ideological flaws and origins. This schism has resulted in inadequate rigorous debates on the usefulness or otherwise of the ways in which it is being applied. In exploring this dilemma, I suggest we should accept social capital as the equivalent of fuzzy logic, it works but why isn't clear, so let's focus on how to use it effectively, rather than fighting phantom battles.     

城市居民信任的构成及影响因素

根据2004年底在厦门市抽样调查的数据，本文探讨了城市居民信任的结构及其影响因素。因子分析表明，城市居民的信任由普遍信任、一般信任和特殊信任三个部分构成，其中普遍信任最低，一般信任居中，特殊信任最高。多元回归分析表明，普遍信任除受性别、年龄、收入等因素的影响外，社团的参与具有非常重要的影响，但社团参与对一般信任和特殊信任的影响并不具有显著性。因此，在中国城市社会要培育普遍信任，就应该让居民更多地参与社团。