感知与洞察：研究实践中的现象学社会学

本文认为,现象学社会学对定性研究实践的最重要的意义在于,由现象学的内涵所规定而强调的一种积极的认知态度。而这种积极的认知态度一旦被贯彻,就会给我们的研究乃至学生培养和训练带来一种革命性的改变。这样一种认知在研究实践中经由感知与洞察得以完成,从而获得对现象的意义的相对深刻与准确的理解和解释,由此也给出了现象学社会学将“日常生活”作为其主要研究领域的原因：日常生活即是“生活世界”的中心,而由社会行动者（包括他们形成的主体间际）及其生活于其中的环境所组成的生活世界在某种程度上可以称之为一个意义的世界。     

Where the Sidewalk Ends: The Limits of Social Constructionism

The sociology of knowledge is a heterogeneous set of theories which generally focuses on the social origins of meaning. Strong arguments, epitomized by Durkheim's late work, have hypothesized that the very concepts our minds use to structure experience are constructed through social processes. This view has come under attack from theorists influenced by recent work in developmental psychology that has demonstrated some awareness of these categories in pre‐socialized infants. However, further studies have shown that the innate abilities infants display differ in systematic and theoretically significant ways from adults' explicit knowledge. This paper moves beyond the constructionist/nativist dichotomy by outlining the complex relationships between innate intelligence and explicit knowledge. I end by suggesting that there are four, distinct ways the social world influences thought‐ facilitation, division, specification, and construction.     

回到“社会的”社会学,

社会学是一门没有确定的对象边界、而是根据独特的方法论体系进行自我界定的学科。社会学的方法论根源蕴涵在“社会的”和“社会性”中。在社会学思想史中,“社会的”和“社会性”有四种表征：与“异化”和“失范”对立,彰显马克思意义上的“人类社会”和“社会化的人类”;与原子论的个人主义对立,彰显人与人之间的关联性和互动性;与抽象性对立,彰显具体性和相对性;与神秘性和神圣性对立,彰显世俗性和日常生活性。据此,社会学的方法论可用“社会学的想象力”来概括,在这种想象力中,社会是一个高度相对性和具体性的存在,个体和社会处在相互建构的“结构二重性”关系之中,个体的、日常的和世俗化的行动是社会实现自身的生产和再生产的基础。     

中国大陆社会心理学适应性重建初探--基于社会转型期知识社会学的视角

以社会转型为背景,以知识社会学为视角,梳理当前中国大陆社会心理学的两种主要范式———“实验社会心理学”与“本土（化）社会心理学”,揭示其与本土“历史—社会现实”的疏离状况,进而对其本体论的缺陷进行反思与批判,探讨以消解疏离为目标、以“本土（化）社会心理学”为基底、以“社会转型”为基本背景框架与研究内容、以本体论的重构为切入点与着力点的大陆社会心理学重建之路。     

燕大社会调查与中国早期社会学本土化实践

在民国时期种类繁多的社会调查中,以燕京大学社会学系为主体所进行的一批社会调查迄今为止尚未在学界引起多少注意。本文首次对这批燕大调查进行了较为全面的介绍,并且着重指出,这批调查诞生于社会学和人类学等学科刚刚传入中国之际,真切地反映了这些学科扎根于中国的过程,从而构成了中国早期社会学本土化实践的重要一环。     

社会学的人文属性与社会学研究——兼论费孝通《试谈扩展社会学的传统界限》一文的理论意涵#br#

自社会学学科创建以来,社会学的“科学属性”与“人文属性”以及两者之间的关联一直是备受争议的话题。本文从对费孝通晚年一文的解读出发,试图在解读的基础上对此问题展开进一步阐述。文章认为,基于中国社会的历史与现实,学科的人文属性是社会学题中应有之义;从社会学的“学科意识”这一维度出发,阐述在社会学本土化趋势下,社会学如何与人文科学进行有意义的勾联,是社会学扩展自身传统界限的关键。     

思想政治教育社会学的若干基础性问题探要

思想政治教育社会学学科建构亟需厘清的基本问题有三个：一是思想政治教育社会学需要完成学科合法性的论证;二是思想政治教育社会学的基本功能;三是思想政治教育社会学的学科特质。厘清这些基础性问题有助于推进思想政治教育社会学的学科建构以及科学化。     

提高《社会学概论》课堂教学质量的思考和实践

社会学概论是社会学专业入门课程,对学生专业兴趣的引导和培养有重要作用。本文总结了在教学内容、教学方法和成绩考核方面的一些尝试和体会。     

社会学的春天和社会学家的任务

当今中国进入了社会主义建设的新时期,要构建和谐社会,实现经济社会协调发展,需要社会学的支撑,这给社会学提供了难得的大好发展机遇,社会学的春天来了。社会学家要在迎接社会剧烈变革所带来的机遇和挑战的过程中承担起自己的历史责任,提供社会学理论和方法的支撑、发挥社会学学科描述记叙的功能、加快社会学学科建设。     

建构科学知识社会学的与境分析

科学知识社会学学者有着不同的社会学抱负和哲学抱负,他们在建构理论过程中充分借重了后实证主义知识社会学、相对主义和解释学资源,并对库恩的理论进行激进解读,同时在为自己的社会学理论辩护时采取经验主义立场,为哲学立场辩护时诉诸理性的力量,这恰好反映了科学知识社会学在知识论上的两难境地。     

社会学的传记取向：当代社会学进展的一种维度

20世纪80年代前后,传记取向成为社会（科）学中众多转向或取向的一种。相较于20世纪二三十年代由芝加哥学派引领的传记研究,这一取向的范围更为宽广。它关注个人经历、历史与文化之间的交互作用,反对奉实证主义为圭臬的社会科学研究,重视人的主体性与能动性。这一取向消解或者说超越了传统的二元论或二分法,促使社会学家反思自己的概念架构、研究方法以及书写实践。虽然在晚近的发展中,一些学者甚至提出了自传/传记社会学这一具有分支学科性质的指称,但这一取向还是“浮现中的实践”,尚处于晚熟状态,因此还存在不少争议,布尔迪厄甚至从根本上将传记视为一种幻觉。随着“传记时代”的来临,传记社会学势将成为一个开创性的研究领域。     

Designing social action: The impact of reflexivity on practice

The main goal of this article is to analyse the relationship between reflexivity and action along three axes. The first entails the discussion of a reflexive action model that explores the combination of factors, processes and mechanisms which explain the guiding role reflexivity can play with regard to practices, in specific circumstances. The second axis concerns situations in which reflexivity does not act as an orientation mechanism and may even have the opposite effect, as a source of disorientation and paralysis of practices. The third relates to the production of social change and reproduction that may arise from the exercise of reflexivity. The whole discussion points to the mediation role that reflexivity assumes in the relationship between structure and agency, i.e. in the way structural enablements and constraints are received, filtered and mobilised by subjects in the subjective definition and reflexive implementation of their personal projects.     

VII. Foster children: The Jewish home finding society and the institute for Juvenile research 1

Although there is a body of literature that applies Gestalt therapy techniques to clinical practice, little has been written about the use of Gestalt therapy theory as a comprehensive framework for social work practice as a whole. Gestalt therapy theory unifies social work's ecological and strength perspectives and is highly consonant with the core values of the profession. Four major theoretical aspects of Gestalt therapy that are highly applicable to social work practice are described: field theory, “I-Thou” relationship, creative adjustment, and the phenomenological perspective. Case examples are provided to demonstrate a Gestalt approach to social work practice.     

The social construction of character

There has been increased interest in character strengths or virtues in recent years in social research and in various policy domains. However, while the notion of virtue has gained credibility in the fields of positive psychology and moral philosophy, it has yet to be satisfactorily considered from the perspective of social theory – in spite of the ongoing calls of researchers who have identified the need for further investigation into the role of culture and social context in the development of individuals' characters. In order to consider how good character and excellence in specific virtues are formed and sustained in social context, this article gives a theoretical account of character and virtue using well‐known microsociological concepts. It is argued that whereas virtues are often understood as psychological ‘traits’ or ‘dispositions’, they are also socially practiced and represented. Analyses of their related social processes are therefore appropriate and empirically promising, particularly in institutional settings, and can complement other theoretical and methodological approaches.     

The Good Life: Criticism and Construction of Urban Meaning

自1979年刑事诉讼法公布实施以来, 中国刑事诉讼体系的构建逐步走过了一条精 致化、细腻化的发展历程, 形成了相对完整的刑事诉讼框架, 并逐步实现了与世界现 代刑事诉讼理念的衔接。2012年3月14日?全国人民代表大会关于修改〈中华人民共和 国刑事诉讼法〉的决定?的通过, 凸显了中国立法机关保障人权、推进法治现代化建 设的巨大努力, 也是对长期改革成果的巩固和吸收。全面审视此次刑事诉讼修正案的 框架内容, 对于今后刑事诉讼体系的继续完善具有重要意义。

Since the enactment of China’s Criminal Procedure Law in 1979, China’s criminal procedure system has undergone a process of refinement and elaboration. A relatively complete framework for the criminal procedure system has been constructed that fits in well with contemporary international thinking on criminal procedure. The Decision on Amending the Criminal Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China passed by the National People’s Congress on March 14, 2012 highlights China’s strenuous efforts in protecting human rights and promoting the modernization of the legal system. It also demonstrates the consolidation and absorption of the achievements of China’s continuing reforms. A review of the main content of the Amendment to Criminal Procedure Law is highly significant for the further improvement of the system.     

The role of family centres in reducing social isolation in deprived communities

Social exclusion and isolation are worldwide social and health concerns with negative effects becoming exacerbated in deprived communities. There is limited understanding related to the role of community‐based centres in reducing social exclusion and isolation, so the aim of this research was to explore the role one family centre had in improving social inclusion in a deprived community in Glasgow, Scotland. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was utilized to analyse interviews from 10 parents to explore their lived experiences of creating and developing social networks through family centre attendance. Findings indicate that attending the family centre positively impacted on social inclusion and social support for all parents interviewed. Relationships created in the centre were proposed as being meaningful, non‐judgemental and produced social capital—rooted in reciprocity and trust. Findings can inform services that aim to reduce social isolation in deprived communities.     

Symbolic Boundaries and Collective Violence. A New Theoretical Argument for an Explanatory Sociology of Collective Violent Action

The sociology of violence still struggles with two critical questions: What motivates people to act violently on behalf of groups and how do they come to identify with the groups for which they act? Methodologically the article addresses these puzzling problems in favor of a relational sociology that argues against both micro‐ and macro‐reductionist accounts, while theoretically it proposes a twofold reorientation: first, it makes a plea for the so called cognitive turn in social theory; second, it proposes following praxeological accounts of social action that focus on the dynamic interpenetration of cognition and socio‐cultural practices. The argument is that symbolic boundaries constitute the “missing link” that allows for overcoming the micro‐macro gap in violence research: Symbolic boundaries can cause people's participation in collective violence by providing the essential relational resources for violent action and by triggering the cognitive/affective mechanisms necessary for social actors to become drawn into mobilization processes that can cause their engaging in coordinated attacks on sites across the boundary. The article offers a new theoretical argument by drawing on knowledge from violence research, social action theory and cognitive science allowing for a non‐reductionist theory of action that explains how and why people engage in collective violence.     

情感社会学：研究的现状与趋势

近年来,情感已成为社会学中一个相对新颖的主题。学者们对情感的研究兴趣日益浓厚,相关的论文和书籍也越来越多,情感社会学理论初见端倪。事实上,许多古典社会学家与当代的社会学家在其理论建构中都曾提及情感。比如迪尔凯姆曾分析过宗教式情感对团结的作用;韦伯的四种行动类型之一就是情感行动,他还指出科层制发展得越完善,就越容易去除所有个人的情感因素;在霍曼斯的理论中,情感是一种可以用来交换的社会资源;戈夫曼也曾分析过互动中的“脸面”与羞耻感。当然,这些社会学家对情感的分析是在其特定的研究背景下产生的,并未对情感做过系统的…     

日常生活的结构与意义：《礼记·曲礼》的社会学研究

社会人类学对于礼与仪式的研究有助于我们认识日常社会生活和加深对社会结构的理解,因为研究所侧重的仪式过程激活了人在社会交往和互动中的实践主体性。通过对《礼记·曲礼》的社会人类学解读,我们发现,人的日常生活具有社会结构与时间性这些基本要素,礼制结构内含复杂的人伦结构与天人关系,以及丰富的时间体验。礼所体现的情感与意义是社会生活之神圣感的源泉,礼仪就是将人和社会带入这种境界的手段与过程。这种尝试性的解读意在将传统礼仪纳入社会学的研究范围。