Ultimatum bargaining over losses and gains – An experimental comparison

Subjects in the loss domain tend to split payoffs equally when bargaining. The ultimatum game offers an ideal mechanism through which social scientists can investigate whether equal splits are the consequence of the proposers’ generosity or due to their anticipation that the responders will reject lower offers. This paper experimentally compares ultimatum bargaining that takes place in a loss domain with that under a gains domain. The results reveal that, although responders do not expect more in the loss domain, proposers do make higher offers. As such, proposers reach agreements more often in the loss domain than they do in the gains domain, and responders receive higher payoffs.     

Social control,social learning,and cheating: Evidence from lab and online experiments on dishonesty

Varying the conditions of the decision-making environment we offered participants the opportunity to increase their payoff by undetectable lies. In addition to a baseline treatment, in which subjects rolled a die in private and showed a high extent of dishonest behavior, we increased the degree of social control by a novel treatment in which subjects played in randomly assigned pairs of two. The presence of others proved to substantially, but only temporarily reduce dishonest behavior. Furthermore, one treatment group received feedback on unethical behavior of participants in a similar experiment. Knowing that others betrayed in the experiment facilitated social learning and led to a higher prevalence of cheating. Finally, increasing the degree of anonymity by re-running the experiment online increased the extent of norm transgressions slightly.     

Confession of prior knowledge about experimental procedures as a function of evaluation apprehension and commitment

Subjects' evaluation apprehension (anxiety about being judged by the experimenter) and commitment to (involvement in) the experiment were manipulated in an experimental study of subjects' honesty in postexperimental interviews. Previous studies have shown that subjects are typically dishonest in postexperimental interviews by refusing to admit prior knowledge of the experiment imparted to them by a confederate. It was found that both high apprehension and low commitment lead to greater subject honesty. Other features of the experimental design were successful in inducing subjects to be generally more honest than their counterparts in previous confederate tip-off studies.     

政府内部上下级部门间谈判的一个分析模型——以环境政策实施为例

政府内部上下级部门间讨价还价谈判是政府运作过程的重要组成部分,也是认识政府组织制度和行为的一个切入点;其总是发生并受制于特定组织背景以及相应的制度规则。有关委托方(如省环保厅)和代理方(如市环保局)之间的序贯博弈模型中,我们区分了委托方的两种策略选择:常规模式与动员模式;代理方在随后的应对过程中在三种策略中加以选择:正式谈判、非正式谈判和准退出。在委托方采纳动员模式的条件下,准退出是代理方的最佳应对策略;而在常规模式下,代理方的应对策略选择有着更大空间。     

政府补贴与研究型合资企业的投资模式

在独立研发转向合作研发的背景下,企业间通过技术许可允许相互使用彼此的创新成果,甚而组建研究型合资企业。政府研发补贴的目的不再是为本国企业寻求市场上的竞争优势,而是要增强其在创新收益分配中讨价还价能力的战略优势,本文以此为依据,提出增强创新成果收益分配谈判地位的建议。     

城乡居民收入差距的演进与分工

通过辨析分工的概念与基本原则,城乡居民收入差距的演进得到马克思主义经济学范畴的解释：在互补性的分工经济中,劳动者内生的矛盾在时间维度上累积扩大。伴随着制度秩序惯例的形成,非对称的产业分工在城乡之间出现并长期维持。这可以被视为分工演进的驱动力之一。官僚制的出现事实上在行动维度上限制了劳动者的选择空间,并对分工进程具有正向的推动作用。     

新手妈妈社会支持网络的多元化：一个文献综述

社会支持的获得对于新手妈妈的身心健康、角色适应以及家庭关系有着重要的作用.通过文献梳理发现：新手妈妈主要从丈夫、女性亲属等强关系中获得情感支持和育儿帮助.育儿虚拟社区成员之间的弱关系可以弥补传统社会支持体系中信息支持的缺乏,并提供情感性和友伴性等其他类型的社会支持.新手妈妈的社会支持网络呈现出多元化的趋势,但是网络交往的匿名性和局部性使得网络社会支持不可能取代传统社会支持体系而只是对其进行补充.     

法经济学分析范式的演变及其方向瞻望

在科斯搭建起法律经济分析的桥梁后,谈判分析范式因其能够将法律经济分析统一在效率主题下而成为主流分析范式。随着博弈论和信息经济学的发展,博弈分析提供的特定环境下主体间互动的分析框架更适合进行法律分析,博弈分析成为新的主流分析范式。但同时,行为经济学和实验经济学挑战了经济学的理论基础——理性选择假设,现实性更强的行为法经济学分析范式正在形成中。那么,法经济学的未来发展方向何在?从法经济学的历史逻辑可以得出的合理结论是：法经济学的未来发展依赖于理性选择理论这一基础理论的进步。“理性”概念可以从形式和内容两个方面进行精炼,形成“新理性选择理论”,并以此为基础,引导法经济学将向更加实证的方向发展。     

国际政治中的最后通牒解读

在国际政治领域,最后通牒属于强制性外交理论中的极端形式,是威胁使用武力等手段的前兆。发出最后通牒,预示着情势紧迫和危机升级,因而它不是一种“温和”的对外方略。梳理最后通牒的基本涵义,探讨它得以实施的威胁变量、具体目的、效用和局限性,可给决策者带来诸多益处;而借助历史事件考察最后通牒的道义及合法性问题,则更能清晰地把握它...     

电商平台“二选一”行为的反垄断法规制——兼论滥用相对优势地位理论的适用不足

电商平台“二选一”行为近来受到反垄断执法与司法机关的关注，滥用相对优势地位理论也被运用于相关案件的处理中。由于当前我国电商市场动态性较强、消费者粘性较小、商户转移成本逐渐降低以及平台抗压能力较强，滥用相对优势地位理论的核心“纵向依赖性”可操作性较差。该理论的适用可能违背竞争中性理念、过度干预市场以及异化《反垄断法》立法目的。在对电商平台“二选一”行为进行反垄断法规制时，界定电商平台相关市场方面应注重考察商户所在的付费市场，排除传统市场并明确区分不同类型的电商平台；认定电商平台市场支配地位方面应将商户规模纳入市场份额，适当延长认定交易量型市场份额的时间，并重视平台生态以及数据对市场支配地位的塑造，以及考虑商户转移成本、消费者偏好与配套设施标准性等市场壁垒；以行为对有效竞争机制的损害为重点，只在行为限制竞争的消极效应明显大于平台经营效率、消费者福利提升等积极效应时，认定行为违反《反垄断法》。     

基于商誉角度的虚拟物品真钱交易

虚拟物品的真钱交易是指游戏中物品的交易转移到了游戏世界外部,玩家之间用真实世界的货币交换虚拟物品.虚拟物品的商誉来源于物品在游戏世界中的稀缺性及其给玩家带来的效用.因此,商誉是玩家对这些无形资产货币价值认可的结果.在商誉转移中,交易的对象是娱乐价值,货币补偿的实质是对商誉的转移.     

Context effects and the temporal stability of stated preferences

In stated preference studies it is assumed that individuals' answers reflect true preferences and are stable over time. We test these two assumptions of validity and reliability using as an example a choice experiment study on ethical consumption that measures preferences for a Peace Product jointly produced by Israeli and Palestinian producers as well as for organic products. In a web survey conducted in Germany, we investigate the validity assumption by manipulating the question context and presenting one group of respondents with questions on anti-Semitic and anti-Arabic attitudes before the choice tasks, and presenting another group with these questions after the choice tasks. In order to test the assumption of temporal stability, the same experimental set-up was repeated in a second survey based on a new sample ten months after the first. However, prior to the second survey an external event, a major violent dispute between Israelis and the Palestinians occurred. Overall, we find evidence for a context effect but not for temporal instability. In both surveys, the placement of the attitudinal questions before the choice tasks has a positive effect on the valuation of products from Israel, Palestinian products and the Peace Product (i.e. a directional context effect). The respondents seem to act according to an anti-discrimination norm. In line with this reasoning, we find an attention shift caused by the attitudinal questions. Organic products are valued much less positively if discriminatory attitudes are surveyed before the choice tasks. Furthermore, despite the violent dispute, stated preferences are very stable over time. This indicates high reliability of stated preference studies and encourages the use of study results by private and public decision makers.     

分税制、政府博弈与制度创新——一个佃农理论的分析框架

通过把在分税制下中央政府与地方政府的制度供求博弈关系转换为佃农理论中的土地所有者与土地承租者之间的租金分成契约关系,并在过去研究制度变迁范式的基础上,提出"地方政府主导型诱致性制度变迁"的谈判博弈理论模型,认为,中国的市场化改革是在中央与地方政府之间的租金分成博弈过程中向市场体制的渐进性过渡。尤其是,分税制激励利益独立且追求剩余租金最大化的地方政府化解外生性交易成本与内生性交易成本之间的冲突,从而自发地主导这场规模空前巨大的制度转轨。     

Housework share between partners: Experimental evidence on gender-specific preferences

This paper uses a novel vignette-based experimental design to investigate the reasons underlying the gendered division of housework. We are particularly interested in the role of gender-specific preferences: are there differences in the utility that men and women derive from housework, and might these be responsible for the fact that women continue to do more housework than men? It is difficult to address these questions with conventional survey data, because of inherent problems with endogeneity and ex-post rationalization; our experimental design circumvents these problems. We find remarkably little evidence of any systematic gender differences in preferences, and a general inclination towards an equal distribution of housework; this suggests that the reasons for the gendered division of housework do not derive from gender differences in preferences, and must lie elsewhere.     

商代青铜兵器研究的回顾与思考

商代青铜兵器著录、考释和考古资料不断公布 ,通论性及综合性论著陆续发表 ,专题性研究丰富多彩 ,但仍有一些问题尚待解决     

旅游地相关利益主体间的博弈分析

多元化的相关利益主体、多样化的利益需求、多方式的利益实现途径,构成了一个错综复杂的利益网络。在这个网络中,旅游地相关利益主体间的竞争与合作关系,实质是各利益主体博弈行为的自然结果。而博弈策略的选择又依赖于具体的环境和制度,而非某一方主观愿望所能决定的。本文在对旅游地各利益主体间可能展开的三种博弈：共同投资博弈、监督博弈、定价一接受型博弈进行深入分析的基础上,结合腾冲旅游业发展的实际,就促进腾冲旅游业的持续发展提出了几点建议。     

Response of sensitive behaviors to frequent measurement

We study the influence of frequent survey measurement on behavior. Widespread access to the Internet has made important breakthroughs in frequent measurement possible—potentially revolutionizing social science measurement of processes that change quickly over time. One key concern about using such frequent measurement is that it may influence the behavior being studied. We investigate this possibility using both a population-based experiment with random assignment to participation in a weekly journal for twelve months (versus no journal) and a large-scale, population-based, journal-keeping study with weekly measurement for 30 months. Results reveal few of the measured behaviors are correlated with assignment to frequent measurement. Theoretical reasoning regarding the likely behavioral response to frequent measurement correctly predicts domains most vulnerable to this possibility. Overall, however, we found little evidence of behavioral response to frequent measurement.     

如何破解金钱之债引发的“合同僵局”——以聚富公司诉赛某、王某房屋买卖合同纠纷案为切入点

合同僵局并非伪命题，其在司法实践中真实存在。实践中由金钱之债引发的"合同僵局"时有发生。解除合同无疑是最好的选择，不仅可以使双方摆脱合同的束缚，免去诉累，也可节约社会资源，优化市场资源配置。遗憾的是《民法典》第五百八十条尽管为"合同僵局"提供了解决之法，但该条无法适用于金钱之债引起的"合同僵局"。在实践之中面对此类僵局，不同的法院的裁判路径不尽相同，且皆存在不足之处。目前，金钱之债造成的"合同僵局"，最佳的路径选择应当类推适用《民法典》第五百八十条第二款。     

How dominance hierarchies emerge from conflict: A game theoretic model and experimental evidence

We develop a game theoretic model of conflict and empirically test its predictions to study the emergence of social hierarchies in small groups. Previous research shows uncertainty about actors' ability may lead to more conflict; conflict demonstrates actors' ability and establishes relationships of dominance and submissiveness. Since we assume uncertainty regarding ability to be a crucial cause of conflict, we focus on the effects of different information conditions. We posit that actors know the distribution of abilities in their group and vary whether or not they know (1) their own ability and (2) their interaction partners' interaction histories. Our results from a laboratory experiment closely match qualitative model predictions. Most importantly, conflict produces information about actors’ ability, which reduces subsequent conflict. In an exploratory analysis we investigate to what extent gender, social value orientation, risk preferences and a competitive personality account for the quantitative discrepancies between model predictions and subject behavior.     

Diversity preferences among employees and ethnoracial workplace segregation

Ethno-racial workplace segregation increases already existing ethno-racial inequality. While previous research has identified discriminatory employers as drivers of workplace segregation, this study addresses the role of the employees. Sociological and social psychological theory suggest that people prefer to surround themselves with people who positively confirm their social identity or who contribute with higher group status. Through web-based surveys, we measure employee attitudes and preferences concerning ethno-racial workplace diversity, to what extent they differ by ethnicity/race, and if they contain intersectional patterns. Thereafter, we use simulation models to analyze the consequences for workplace segregation that these preferences would have, if realized.The main survey results showed that all ethno-racial groups favored their own in-group as colleagues, especially European Americans. As a secondary choice, the respondents preferred the out-group with the highest labor market status. Intersectional patterns were identified, as minority women were preferred as colleagues over minority men. Our simulation model, based on the results of two surveys on stated vs. indirectly revealed preferences, showed that employee preferences were at best not diverse enough to desegregate workplaces. When based on the most common preferences (i.e. excluding a few outliers), the simulations even suggested that these preferences can cause segregation. We relate these findings to Schelling's model of segregation.