文化互动视角下新疆多元民族文化的共生

长期以来,新疆都是一片多元民族文化互动的广阔天地,其独特的自然地理环境是文化互动的摇篮。在新疆多元民族文化互动的进程中,以同层级文化互动、异层级文化互动、历史与现实互动为主要类型。新疆多元民族文化互动具有在开放的环境中多元文化共存、在历史与现实中多元文化交融、长期文化互动中形成了多维共性等特点。在处理当今新疆多元民族文化互动关系中,应该以费孝通的"和而不同"的文化观为殷鉴,在良好的文化互动环境中,实现新疆多元民族文化共生共荣。     

澳大利亚多元文化主义的启示

以澳大利亚多元文化主义政策的成功实践,说明在国际关系中提倡多元文化主义有利于国家间互相尊重、民族间和睦相处,并指出相互尊重、和睦相处是世界民族关系的一个发展趋势.     

从历史文物看青海地区多元文化的形成及发展

青海自古是一个多民族聚居的地区,历史上各民族文化异彩纷呈。本文通过对富含羌文化、汉文化、藏文化、北方游牧文化和中西亚文化等因素的风格独具的历代馆藏民族文物文化属性的研究,阐述今天青海独有的多元民族文化,是由历史上青海地区的各民族经过长期的彼此影响,互相吸收,互相融合而形成并发展来的。在西部大开发的今天,了解民族文化的多元性,能更好地开展民族团结进步创建活动,以此推动我省各项事业的大发展。     

多元文化背景下维吾尔族青少年跨文化教育探究

新疆是一个多民族、多宗教、多文化交融地区。各民族因起源、历史、宗教、语言、文化、生活习惯等方面的不同,都拥有了各自独特的文化标签,在与其他民族交往交流过程中,构成一幅绚丽多彩、丰富的多元文化图景。多民族构成的多元文化背景使得新疆的民族教育具有维护民族团结和边疆稳定的特殊意义。跨文化教育作为国际教育发展的一种新理念,适合新疆当前实际。推进维吾尔族青少年跨文化教育,引导青少年培养正确的价值观、人生观任重道远。     

"文化整合"语境下的西域文化

中华文化的来源是多元的。当然 ,文化的多元并不意味着政治的多元 ,更不是分裂的理由。古称“西域”的新疆 ,是中华文化的一个极有特色的文化区。从表面上看 ,西域一向通行“胡语” ,特别是伊斯兰教传入并在那里生根后 ,西域与中原的文化距离似乎拉开 ,但实际上 ,汉化与胡化一直在祖国的这片热土上生动地进行着 ,特别是清王朝统一新疆后 ,西域文化与中原文化的交融进入了一个空前发展的时期。应看到 ,经过 2 0 0 0年的政治文化整合 ,西域文化确立了在中华文化中的地位。我们应继承中华文化整合的优良传统 ,使新疆各族干部、群众 ,在思想上、感情上和心理上达到“三个高度认同” ,即我们的文化是中华文化、我们的民族是中华民族、我们的祖国是中国。我认为 ,以“三个代表”重要思想为参照系的文化整合 ,应是祖国统一和新疆长治久安的重要保证。     

青海河湟地区藏传佛教与道教互动

研究多元民族文化格局形成过程中的各文化间交流、互动和认同对于研究民族文化多元一体的中华文化自觉精神有着重要的意义.青海河湟地区是藏文化与汉文化互相影响、彼此吸收形成互动、互融格局较为典型的区域.本文通过道教与藏传佛教相互影响的个案考察,辨析两者在青海地区传承、发展变迁中的各民族文化间互动交流关系建立的根本动因.     

我国少数民族教育课程本土化研究

本土化研究是在外来文化与传统文化的撞击中产生的一种理性反思。本文在考察我国教育学领域的本土化研究历程的基础上 ,探索了我国少数民族教育课程本土化问题 ,进而提出建构适合中华民族不同文化、不同族群的教育课程体系。     

语言文字视域下的元代敦煌民族文化认同

元代是中国历史上民族大融合的一个高峰时期,这一时期敦煌文化以中原文化为主导,融入来自中亚、西亚各国以及西域、青藏、蒙古等地区的民族文化成分,呈现出博大的开放性、包容性与多元性。这既是敦煌文化的个性,也体现出了敦煌文化的特质。在莫高窟北区出土的大量民族文字文献,以及敦煌石窟中出现的宗教文化因素和民族因素,都表明来自中原的文化与来自其他地区和国家的文化,在敦煌和谐相处、交融互鉴、取长补短、共同发展,最终融合成为别具一格的敦煌文化。这是长期以来各民族间的交往交流交融,同时也是与各种外来文化互相融合而逐步生成的,是多元一体中华民族形成、壮大过程中最具代表性的生动例证。     

近年新疆研究专题概述(上)

新疆研究是一个综合性研究领域,本文对近年相关新疆研究做综合性略述。包括国外新疆研究与国际交流,国内新疆研究重要项目及其学术交流,国内新疆历史研究、新疆族际交往关系研究、新疆宗教信仰研究、新疆社会文化与经济研究,新疆族属语言及其文化研究。     

近年新疆研究专题概述(下)

新疆研究是一个综合性研究领域,本文对近年相关新疆研究做综合性略述。包括国外新疆研究与国际交流,国内新疆研究重要项目及其学术交流,国内新疆历史研究、新疆族际交往关系研究、新疆宗教信仰研究、新疆社会文化与经济研究,新疆族属语言及其文化研究。     

全球化与民族关系研究

我们思考当今世界各国的民族关系,很难脱离全球化这个宏观历史背景。今天我们研究一国内部的民族关系时,已不可能忽视境外政治、经济、文化、宗教因素对该国民族关系的影响。面对全球化浪潮中西方政治理念、经济制度与意识形态在其他国家的扩散,各国的传统制度和文化将必然会受到很大的冲击,各国对外来文化也势必出现反弹,以提倡本国传统的"复兴"来与外来文化相抗衡。因此全球化与各国的本土化实际上是两个并行的潮流。全球化的扩散是不可抗拒的,本土化的反弹是不可避免的。我们在思考中国民族问题时,应借鉴中国历史和其他国家在处理民族关系方面的经验。     

民国时期天山北麓东路城市多民族居民生活的变化

Although the Republican era of China did not last very long, it was a significant period in which China transformed from an agricul-tural to an industrial era, and from a traditional so-ciety to a modern one. During this period, not only did the politics and economics change dramatical-ly, but also the lives of urban residents. Although Xinjiang is located in the western frontier area of inland China, since the Qing dynasty, its politi-cal, economic and cultural connections with inland China gradually increased. Xinjiang is not an iso-lated region, it actually is located in the central ar-ea of Asia. So, its openness is very pronounced. Even though during the Republican era, inland China was gripped in the chaos of war, Xinjiang’s political, economic and cultural connections with the inland were never broken. Although sometimes the central government’s control in Xinjiang was not so strong, the central government’s policies had always impacted strongly on Xinjiang. In addition, due to the continuous migration of the inland popu-lation ( especially intellectuals, and political and military people) into urban areas, such as Dihua in Xinjiang during the Republic era of China, the politics, economics and culture of inland China had a big impact on the lives of Xinjiang urban res-idents. Moreover, Xijiang is neighbors with Rus-sia. Since the middle of the 19th century, Russia, whose industrialization and modernization occurred earlier and faster than China’s, often made political and military invasions, as well as cultural infiltra-tion, into Xinjiang. After the founding of the Sovi-et Union, its influence on the cities of Xijiang gradually increased. Especially during the period when Sheng Shicai managed Xinjiang, the influ-ence of the Soviet Union on Xinjiang was the stron-gest. In addition to political influence, economic and cultural influences became more pronounced, and numerous industrial and cultural products made in the Soviet Union were imported into Xin-jiang. This had a dramatic impact on the urban residents of Xinjiang. As a political, economic and cultural center of Xinjiang, Dihua was alive with many Russians who engaged in political, economic and cultural activities. Hence, their direct or indi-rect influence on the lives of Dihua residents was stronger than in other cities. At present, the research on Xinjiang during the Republican era of China mainly focuses on the political and economic domains , and less attention is paid to its urban life. However, the changes of modernization are not only reflected in the aspects of politics and economics, but also in the field of social life. Hence, to strengthen the research on the changes in social life in urban areas of Xinjiang during the Republican era of China is significant. The Republican era of China was an important pe-riod for Xinjiang society. Although if we compare it with the urban areas along the eastern coastal ar-ea of China, the impact of western culture on the lives of urban residents in Xinjiang during this pe-riod was not so strong, and the changes in social life also reflected multi - ethnic characteristics. The changes in urban life in Xinjiang were also an important part of the changes following China’s modernization. It reflected a both generalization and a diversity of the urban changes created by China’s modernization. In addition, one should note the impact of the changes in Xinjiang’s urban life during the Republican era on that of Xinjiang during the latter half of the 20th century. Thus, it is very necessary to conduct a research on the lives of Xinjiang’s urban residents during the Republican era of China. Xinjiang has been a multi-ethnic area since ancient times, a fact which contributes the ethnic diversity that characterizes the social life of Xin-jiang cities. During the Republican era, the mate-rial life of the various ethnic groups living in Xinjiang’s cities changed successively due to the impact of external cultures, and the wave of mod-ernization. However the changes to the material lives of the various ethnic groups were different. The content of material life is very broad. General-ly speaking, it comprises people’s daily life, inclu-ding clothing, food, shelter and transportation, all of which are regarded as basic essentials for peo-ple. In a period of scarcity of goods and materials, material life became the most important thing for most of the public. Hence, changes with regard to material life, to a large extent, is reflected in the changes in the social lives of urban residents. Generally speaking, compared with the situa-tion in the Qing dynasty, the clothing in Xinjiang cities such as Dihua exhibited a big change. How-ever , this change displayed multi-ethnic and diver-sified characteristics. Concerning the food culture of Dihua urban residents during the Republican era of China, it reflected more open, inclusive and mutually influential features. In other words, the existence of a diversified food culture and diverse development was an important characteristic of the time. Concerning shelter during this period, a big change in Dihua’s urban style was that some mod-ern buildings co-appeared alongside traditional style buildings, no matter whether it was in the pri-vate space or public space. Moreover, the trans-portation mechanisms also changed during this pe-riod. Roads for cars appeared in Dihua, which opened the gate for Xinjiang’s automobile age. During the Republican era of China, most ur-ban residents in Xijiang’s cities, such as Dihua, kept their traditional customs. However, there were also some changes due to the influence of ex-ternal cultures—these changes were presented as the characteristics of pluralism, diversity and a mixture of the old and new. Multiple ethnic groups concentrated in an area in the eastern zone line of the northern foot of Mount Tianshan. During the process of history, the different ethnic groups formed their own cultures and religious beliefs. In the Republican era of China, the various ethnic groups lived in harmony most of time, and the plu-ralism and inclusiveness of cultures gradually in-creased. Generally speaking, the lives and cus-toms of the Han in Xinjiang cities, such as Dihua during the Republican era of China, were almost same as those of the Han in inland China. On one hand, they kept many of their traditional customs;yet, on the other hand, they also gradually accept-ed some new ones from external cultures. The eth-nic minorities, such as the Uygur and Hui, were deeply influenced by Islamic religious culture. Their religious cultural life exhibited almost no change during the Republican era of China, and they, for the most part, maintained their tradi-tions. During this period, in keeping with the gradual consciousness of ethnic equality, although various ethnic groups kept their own traditions, and they did not reject each others’ traditions, and instead, there was some mutual exchanges among them. This made the urban culture more diversi-fied . Not only were the festivals of the Uyghur pop-ular among themselves, the Han were also invited to participate in them. Moreover, the Han’s festi-vals, especially the Spring Festival, Lantern Festi-val and others, were also gradually accepted by other ethnic groups, and, for example, the Uy-ghur, Hui, Mongolian and Kazakhs, and others all participated in these festivals. In the middle and latter period of the Republican era, the urban cul-ture of Xinjiang exhibited a sense of openness. Within the basis of maintaining their own ethnic cultural traditions, each ethnic group showed an opened attitude to new cultures, and, hence, ur-ban culture became more diversified and rich. During the time when agriculture was more dominant , traditional cities lacked of public cultur-al spaces. Hence, Buddhist monasteries, Taoist temples and mosques became the sites for organi-zing public cultural activities in the urban areas. Since modern times, the public cultural spaces in urban areas have experienced a great change. Parks, as a new mode of public space, began to appear successively in some important cities. At the end of the Republican era of China, the public cultural space of Dihua had been further expand-ed. In 1948, there were four such kind of public cultural sites in Dihua, such as Zhongshan Park, Hongyan Lake, Shuimo River, and Wulabai. In addition to these, the cinema also played a very important role in the new entertainment life of the urban residents of Dihua. In 1944, Dihua had three movie theaters which were run respectively by the government, a businessman and a Russian. Movies had a very direct impact on the residents’ vision and mind, especially on the youth. A new movie sometimes would change some people’s view of life or the rules of their behavior. In short, the Republican era was a dramatic period of change during which China transformed from a traditional agricultural society to a modern industrial one. Following the changes in politics, economics and culture, people’s material life and cultural life were also changed. Due to the vast territory, and uneven political and economic devel-opment of China, the changes differed in various regions. Xinjiang is a frontier area in western Chi-na. Its communication with the outside world was not so convenient. Hence, compared with the east-ern coastal region, the degree of change in Xin-jiang was lower, and the speed of change was also relatively slower. However, this kind of change ac-cumulated over several decades, so, with time, the changes also became very noticeable. Howev-er , due to the uneven regional development in Xin-jiang, the changes in some cities were slow while in some they were fast. Compared with other places of Xinjiang, the changes along the eastern line of the northern foot of Mount Tianshan, and taking Dihua as the center, were faster and more obvious in the Republican era. On one hand, Di-hua was more strongly influenced by the politics, economics and culture of inland China; and, on the other hand, Dihua was also influenced more di-rectly by the politics, economics and culture of the Soviet Union With the combined role played by the both sources, the material life of the urban resi-dents of Dihua, including clothing, food, shelter and transportation, as well as the customs, and cultural entertainments, changed dramatically. This change was not only similar to that of inland cities, but it also reflected regional characteristics of Xinjiang—the characteristics of ethnicity and di-versity wee more pronounced. In addition, com-pared with Tibet which is also in the western fron-tier of China, the changes brought by the urban modernization in Xinjiang was more dramatic. This was directly connected with Xinjiang’s geographical location, natural climatic conditions, as well as its political, economic and cultural development. Al-though Xinjiang lies in the western frontier of Chi-na, its transportation connections with inland Chi-na and the outside world were more convenient than those in Tibet. During the Republican era, the railways, highways and aviation routes devel-oped relatively well, the Xinjiang’s economic, and cultural connections with both inland China and the Soviet Union were also relatively close. In addi-tion, an important natural condition which also created good conditions for the opening up of Xin-jiang is that the elevation of most areas of Xinjiang is not high—the average elevation is around 1000 meters. Hence, the natural geographical conditions promoted a population flow between Xinjiang and inland China, as well as between Xinjiang and the Soviet Union. Moreover, after the settling of Xin-jiang province at the end of the Qing dynasty, the feeldings and unity with inland China were ensured from an institutional aspect. It was just under such kind of background that the lives of the urban resi-dents living in the eastern zone of the northern foot of Mount Tianshan experienced a dramatic change, and presented a characteristic of ethnic diversity, pluralism and mixture of old and new.     

族际政治视野中的自治、共治和多元文化主义

在族际政治的视野中,自治、共治和多元文化主义,都是共生性的政治概念,具有共同的理论来源和实践价值,彼此互补、渗透、包含,有着内在的逻辑联系。多元文化主义承认现代国家内由于历史和当代的原因而造成的多元文化现象,承认不同文化共存的社会现实,为包括民族区域自治这种特殊制度安排的必要性提供了理论支持;而作为开放的制度法律架构形式的民族自治和自治-共治机制,又为多元文化主义政策体系的顺利实施提供了制度空间,是多元文化主义政策体系收获预期效果的现实路径和有效手段。全球化进程的深入凸显了族际政治的重要价值,多民族国家应坚持多元文化主义的核心价值,进一步发展和完善自治-共治机制。     

社会舆论对南京国民政府治新政策之评论与反思——以1933年新疆“四·一二”政变为中心

1933年4月12日,新疆发生政变,致使全疆局势糜烂。是时,社会舆论对中央政府统合新疆政策之反应主要围绕三个问题展开：一是中央政府对新疆宣慰之举措的热议;二是对事前中央政府与新疆地方关系的检讨;三是对远景的新疆治理的探讨。就社会舆论总体而言,此期社会各界对中央政府统合新疆之结果不甚满意;就一般论者的意见与建议而言,其中亦不乏灼见。     

试析当代新兴宗教的神秘主义征象——以“妙善居士”的传法活动为个案

新兴宗教大多具有较浓厚的神秘主义色彩,以"妙善居士"为核心形成的网络传法活动,在很多方面体现出了当代新兴宗教的典型征象。妙善的宗教活动具有神人关系的直接化、思想基础的多元化、解释理论现代化和认识态度的理智化等四个特征。作为当代新兴宗教运动中的一个特别案例,其研究价值在于,我们可以通过对其形成机制和社会影响的分析,发现当代新兴宗教的某些特征及其嬗变的脉络。     

文化润疆铸牢中华民族共同体意识的三个基本维度

文化润疆是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想在新疆的生动实践,是新时代党的治疆方略的重要组成部分。厘清文化润疆的理论要旨,不仅是推进中国特色社会主义文化强国建设的内在要求,是提升新疆基层文化事业发展的客观需要,更是铸牢新疆各族群众中华民族共同体意识的向往诉求。探赜文化润疆的实践路径,强调文化法治、深化文化浸润、提升文化底蕴、着眼文化认同,将文化润疆融入铸牢新疆各族群众中华民族共同体意识的全过程各领域,切实推进新时代党的治疆方略守正创新。     

清代新疆教育史研究述论

清代新疆教育史是清代新疆历史研究的重要方面,目前相关研究成果按时间维度可以梳理为新疆建省之前、新疆建省之后、清末新政三个时期,每个时期教育发展有所不同。目前的研究成果能够基本呈现清代新疆教育史的发展脉络,一些领域也有了深入研究。本文以目前研究状况为基础,总结了相关研究成果的特点,为清代新疆教育史提出了研究理论、研究视角等方面的构想。     

清前期新疆治理思想研究述评

清前期新疆治理思想研究是古代边疆治理研究的细化和深化,学界业已开展的关于"边疆观"的探讨,清代治新政策研究、制度研究,包括相关人物思想研究的积累,为该领域研究的深入做出贡献,但独立的系统的治理思想研究体系仍待构建。本文拟以乾隆朝为主就清前期新疆治理思想相关研究做一梳理回顾。     

新疆兵团军垦口述史研究浅探

口述史是研究历史的重要方法之一,新疆兵团军垦口述史研究是兵团史研究的重要组成部分。深入挖掘军垦口述史资料,既可补充兵团文献档案等文本史料记载的空缺,又可纠正文本史料记载之谬误。本文对军垦口述史研究的必要性、基本方法以及急需解决的问题作了探讨。     

新疆维汉民族关系的社会学研究

维吾尔族、汉族两个民族的关系是新疆各民族的相互关系中最有影响力的一对。近年此领域的社会学研究表明,两个民族在漫长的相互交往中,在语言上较为集中和明显地表现出文化的涵化和融合。作者认为,经济发展是促进民族文化融合的理想方式,西部大开发、新疆经济的发展将有助于民族关系的良性发展,文化上的整合将会促使各民族人民自觉地向中华民族认同。