Preventive Measures to be Taken to Reduce Birth Defects

In addition to a massive health education campaign, China will also focus on measures aimed to reduce birth defects and improve the overall quality of its population, according to the Ministry of Public Health. Statistics show that about 200,000-300,000 babies are born with visible defects each year in China. Plus defects that are only emerging months or years after birth, the total number is 800,000-1,200,000, about 4-6% of the total population born each year. The most common problems inc…     

Chinese Economy to Continue to Grow Despite Pitfalls：Economists

The Chinese economy will continue to maintain a rapid growth rate for a considerable period of time to come. predicted leading Chinese economists. These economists include Justin Lin, Zhang Weiying, YiGang, Zhou Qiren and Fan Gang.     

Responses to Human Demands

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A Brief Introduction to the Market Research Department Attached to CPIRC

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Measures to Protect Land

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“I Had to Go to the Streets to Get Love”: Pathways From Parental Rejection to HIV Risk Among Young Gay and Bisexual Men

Young, gay, and bisexual men (YGBM) are at increased risk of family rejection, which is related to HIV infection. What remains unknown is how family rejection leads to HIV risk. In this exploratory study, qualitative interviews were conducted with 21 HIV-positive YGBM aged 18 to 24. Most participants reported family rejection, which decreased instrumental and emotional support and resulted in participants using riskier ways to support themselves, such as engaging in survival sex. Conceptualizing the findings using a family systems framework, we present a tentative conceptual model to describe the potential relationships between family rejection and HIV risk for YGBM.     

Returns to scale to family size - who gains from high fertility?

Summary In this paper the hypothesis put forward by J. C. Caldwell in a number of recent articles, including one in this journal is tested, that there are social and economic increasing returns to scale to family size. Using two village samples of household data collected in Bangladesh in 1977, it is shown that there is a statistically significant inverse correlation between adjusted consumption of rice per head and family size. This result holds true when age and size of landholding are taken into account. From this, it is concluded that the hypothesis is not empirically supported by the data from Bangladesh. This result is partially explained by the extreme poverty of the region and the fact that women are exploited in Bangladesh society.     

China to Develop Labour Market

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Farmers to Get Clean Energy

In an attempt to further cut the use of wood and fossil fuels, a project to build more mini-hydropower plants is being boosted. The plan is aimed at encouraging millions of farmers across China to use environmentally friendly energy and hopefully further reduce the damage to forests and the eco-system. The Ministry of Water Resources, which is behind the plan, is working on the building of small-scale hydropower stations which can supply electricity to rural areas, sources with the ministry…     

Priority Given to Special Education

Morelearningprograms,rangingfromprimarytovocationaleducation,willbeofferedtochildrenwithphysicalormentaldifficulties,accordingtotheMinistryofEducationofficials.Theministryhassignedcontractswithregionaleducationadministrationstospreadtheword.Toensuremorejobopportunitiesforthedisabled,regionaleducationadministrationsandlabordepartmentswillissueregulationstohelpthemfindjobsaftertheyreceivespecialeducation.Today,Chinahas1,535specialschoolswithanenrollmentof358,400youngstersandadultswhohavephysica…     

Beijing Set to AssistThe Laid-off

BeUingwillputforwardmoremeasurestofightunemployment,YouLalltian,directorofBejlugMunicipalLaboralldsocialSecurityBureau,saidatthe14111sessionoftile11illStandillgCommit-teeof'tlleBeijillgMunicipalPeople'sCongress11eldonOctober28,1999.Inadditiontoformulatingasetofpreferentialpoliciestoimproveconlnlunityservicesfortheurbanunemployed,thebureauwilldevelopwelfareemploymentorgallnationsincommullities,YOusaid.Heclaimsthesecommullitywelt'areemploymelltorganizatiollsarecrucialtoensuringsteadyillcom…     

Greater Efforts to Combat AIDS

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Do male reproductive preferences really point to a need to refocus fertility policy?

Independently collected data from a 1994 survey in Accra, Ghana, are used here to verify earlier findings from Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data which indicate the existence of a closer tie between men's reproductive preferences and contraceptive use, than between the latter and women's preferences. Indeed, the findings corroborate the earlier studies and suggest that fertility transition in Africa may be accelerated if the family planning establishment would recognize the contribution of the male role, and bring men into the mainstream of their agenda.     

Transgender Adults’ Access to College Bathrooms and Housing and the Relationship to Suicidality

ABSTRACT

Transgender and gender non-conforming people frequently experience discrimination, harassment, and marginalization across college and university campuses (Bilodeau, 2007; Finger, 2010; Rankin et al., 2010; Seelman et al., 2012). The minority stress model (Meyer, 2007) posits that experiences of discrimination often negatively impact the psychological wellbeing of minority groups. However, few scholars have examined whether college institutional climate factors—such as being denied access to bathrooms or gender-appropriate campus housing—are significantly associated with detrimental psychological outcomes for transgender people. Using the National Transgender Discrimination Survey, this study analyzes whether being denied access to these spaces is associated with lifetime suicide attempts, after controlling for interpersonal victimization by students or teachers. Findings from sequential logistic regression (N = 2,316) indicate that denial of access to either space had a significant relationship to suicidality, even after controlling for interpersonal victimization. This article discusses implications for higher education professionals and researchers.     

Escape route to dependency? Female migration from Sri Lanka to the Middle East

This article looks at labor migration with the sex component turned upside down, where the woman leaves hearth and home in search of work in distant lands. The sending country is Sri Lanka, and the women migrate as maids to Arab households in the Gulf area. Labor migration must be understood in the context of the economic and social development that has made migration possible, or rather pushed it forward. Today, the export of labor is the 2nd biggest source of foreign earnings for Sri Lanka, and females constitute the largest single group of labor migrants. There is 1 clear aspect of female migration: it is almost without exception the poorest strata of society that send their women to the Gulf as housemaids. 3 factors tend to reduce the value of wages earned in the Middle East: 1) for a majority of the migrants there are high social costs involved, 2) there are high transaction costs just to obtain a Gulf job, and 3) performing paid housework tends to be regarded as a low-status occupation and is less attractive to households that have alternative means of income. Not only are the migrant women themselves exposed to a very different society, with different values and ways of living, but also the whole community at home gets a concept of "abroad." The Sri Lankan government expects the contingent of female migrants to grow, though against this is the fact that Sri Lanka now faces stronger competition in female labor exports from other Asian countries.     

Are Happier People More Willing to Make Income Sacrifices to Protect the Environment?

There is considerable amount of debate about the effect of affluence on environmental concern. The empirical literature is inconclusive on this debate. Increasingly, more studies are examining individual level correlates of environmental concern. On the other hand, a large number of studies examine the correlates of happiness. An important aspect of the economics of happiness literature emphasizes the relationship between environmental quality or concern and happiness. A few scholars suggest that happiness may influence environmental concern. Yet studies on whether happiness affects environmental concern are lacking. This paper empirically investigates the effect of happiness on environmental concern in a cross-national sample. Using data for 18 countries, I find that happier people are more willing to make income sacrifices to protect the environment. This finding holds for residents of both African and developed countries.     

Have We Put an End to Social Promotion? Changes in School Progress among Children Aged 6 to 17 from 1972 to 2005

We examine trends over time in the proportion of children below the modal grade for their age (BMG), a proxy for grade retention, and in the effects of its demographic and socioeconomic correlates. We estimate a logistic regression model with partial constraints predicting BMG using the annual October school enrollment supplements of the Current Population Survey. This model identifies systematic variation in the effects of social background across age and time from 1972 to 2005. While the effects of socioeconomic background variables on progress through school have become increasingly powerful as children grow older, that typical pattern has been attenuated across the past three decades by a steady secular decline in the influence of those variables across all ages. A great deal of concern has been expressed about rising levels of economic and social inequality in the United States since the middle 1970s, and about the potential intergenerational effects of such inequality. However, there has been an opposite trend in the effects of social origins on being BMG. A trend is not a law, and there is reason to be concerned about the recent deceleration of the secular decline in effects of social background on being BMG.     

f clean SSI was to stren

ttention to the infection caused by Actinomyces and surveillance on SSI after patients are discharged out of hospital.cardiac surgical operation;surgical site infection;nosocomial infection;risk factor;target surveillance0中国感染控制杂志Chinese Journal of Infection Control39-41R654.2E06663E;E066_63吴克慧;106-108康复专科医院医院感染现患率调查分析董云英;李晨;方玉美;张海青;周淑清;北京博爱医院,北京博爱医院,北京博爱医院,北京博爱医院,北京博爱医院 北京100068,北京100068,北京100068,北京100068,北京100068医院感染;;现患率;;康复患者目的通     

China to Conduct Census in 2000

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