Signs of Change? At‐Home and Breadwinner Parents' Housework and Child‐Care Time

The authors analyze American Time Use Survey data to examine patterns in domestic work among at‐home and breadwinner parents to gauge how time availability, relative earnings, and gender shape time use in couples with extreme differences in earnings and work hours. They find that involvement in female‐typed housework is an important driver of overall housework time. It is counternormative housework behavior by at‐home fathers that shapes conclusions about how time availability, relative resources, and gender influence parents' housework. Although time availability appears to shape child care in comparable ways across parents, mothers are more engaged in child care than similarly situated fathers. Overall, comparisons point to the importance of distinguishing among gender‐normative housework tasks and accounting for differences in engagement on work and nonwork days. The results provide a basis for assessing the social significance of growing numbers of parents in work–family roles that are not gender normative.     

Headed Toward Equality? Housework Change in Comparative Perspective

This paper examines gendered housework in the larger context of comparative social change, asking specifically whether cross‐national differences in domestic labor patterns converge over time. Our analysis of data from 13 countries (N = 11,065) from the 1994 and 2002 International Social Survey Program (ISSP) confirmed that social context matters in shaping couples' division of labor at home, but also showed that context affects patterns of change. Our results suggested that, compared to the most egalitarian countries, the shift in housework patterns was greatest among the most traditional countries. This provides support for the thesis of cultural convergence, but the evidence did not suggest that such convergence will lead to complete equality in the foreseeable future.     

Is Work-Family Policy Use Related to the Gendered Division of Housework?

Researchers have proposed that work-family policy use may either reinforce or challenge the existing gendered division of labor within couples, but results from prior studies have been inconclusive. Using data from a regional survey of work and family life, we extend this research by focusing on how housework is divided within couples and by differentiating between traditionally female- and male- typed housework tasks. Results show that among dual-earning women, policy use is not related to share of female- or male-typed tasks. Among dual-earning men, policy use is positively related to share of female-typed tasks and negatively related to share of male-typed tasks. These findings suggest that work-family policy use does not reinforce the gendered division of housework.

Occupational Sex Composition and Gendered Housework Performance: Compensation or Conventionality?

This article examines the association between occupational sex composition and housework, considering total housework time, time on male‐typed and female‐typed tasks, and the percent of total time spent on male and female tasks. Previous research examining male‐ and female‐typed chores independent of total housework suggests that couples compensate for gender‐atypical employment through gender‐typical housework performance, but this analysis of the National Survey of Families and Households (1992–1994) and the American Time Use Survey (2003–2013) demonstrates that assuming a quadratic association and failing to contextualize gendered housework performance within total housework performance obscures the true relationship between occupation and housework. In fact, women and men in gender‐atypical occupations perform a more gender‐atypical combination of chores. The influence of gender deviance neutralization in the housework literature may overshadow alternative explanations and model specifications. In particular, by assuming a quadratic association, researchers may impose, rather than test, gender deviance neutralization.     

Time (print)

“Time” shows a feeling in a twinkling: life is like a poem or a song. it twinkles, undulates and unfolds to offer us beauty, optimism and warmth. Li Xiu. 51. a printmaker of the Yi nationality, is quite familiar with the life of the Yi people. She has produced many works about the Yi because she has lived in her native area of Yunnan Province for many years. Her prints display exquisite compositions, cool and simple colors that evoke a rich, modern flavor. Li graduated in 1968 from the Fine Arts Department of Guangxi Art College. Today she is a senior painter with the Yunnan Art Academy and a council member of the Chinese Artists Association. Story by LIU NAN     

Once Upon a Time

THIS is not the start of an oldstory but a new eating experience in Beijing.Once Upon aTime Restaurant(also called RoseGarden Cafe ＆ Bar)is located to thenorth of the Beijing Friendship Store(17 Jianguomenwai Dajie,ChaoyangDistrict),and provides a fresh newcuisine and environment to friends whoare interested in mysterions Arabianculture.     

Woman Poet Remembered by Time

FOR the past two hundred years, a 20-volume poem has been recited to the accompaniment of a stringed musical instrument. This folk art form called tanci is popular in China's Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces. This huge literary work, Twice Destined in Marriage, was written by Chen Duansheng, a woman poet who lived during Emperor Qian Long's reign (1736-1795) in the Qing Dynasty. Chen Duansheng, also called Chun Tian, was born in Hangzhou in 1751, the eldest of three daughters. In addition to Twice Destined in Marriage, she wrote many other poems which were included in her own Collection of Poems Written in Huiyingge. Unfortunately this collection no longer exists     

Stepping Back in Time in Xi'an

AS a metropolitan resident who is used to seeing towering buildings, an incessant stream of vehicles and people, I've always longed to have a taste of an ancient civilization, which is vigorous but exquisite, bold but elegant, natural but mysterious. I realized my dream when I went to Xi'an, a capital with a history of over 1,000 years. Xi'an was once the capital for eleven dynasties, including the Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang. This is the place where China's ancient civilization developed. Ancestors at Banpo created exquisite painted pottery; the Western Zhou Dynasty (about 1,066-771 B.C.) saw the height of the splendors of the bronze culture; the Qin Emperor Shi Huang (Qin Dynasty, from about 221-206 B.C.)     

Opera Star Guo Lanying's Fame Withstands Time

IF there is one name that is familiar to Chinese aged 10 to 80 it is Guo Lanying. Recently a recital was held by CCTV in honor of her 60-year career. When Guo Lanying took the stage, she was met with a lengthy standing ovation. Her voice was choked with emotion. Behind her was a smiling photograph of her that was taken at the start of her opera career. Guo Lanying was born in 1930 into     

The First Time the Right Was Gained

ONE of the fundamental distinctionsof a modern society from atraditional one is that in a modernsociety every citizen enjoys his/her rightslaid down by law.Traditionally,womenwere expelled from society’s mainstream.influenced as it was by the dominatingConfucian ideology,one philosophy of     

Great Expectations? Working‐ and Middle‐Class Cohabitors' Expected and Actual Divisions of Housework

Young adults often express preferences for egalitarianism but often find themselves in conventional household arrangements. Using interview data from 122 working‐class and middle‐class cohabitors, the authors applied Komter's (1989) concepts of manifest, latent, and hidden power to examine the ways that contemporary young adults reinforce and modify gender norms surrounding the division of housework. Cohabiting women more often expect equal housework arrangements than men, regardless of class, yet middle‐class women achieve equal divisions more often because they are better able to exercise manifest power than their working‐class counterparts and because middle‐class men appear more willing to cede to their partners' demands. In contrast, working‐class women's desires to achieve equality are frequently rebuffed as they face greater resistance or defer to their partners' competing wishes. Although the exercise of manifest power is central to arranging housework, the hidden power of gender conventions pervades across class, leading many couples toward traditional arrangements.     

Marking Time: Historic Events at Tian'anmen Square

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Beyond the Career Mystique: “Time In,” “Time Out,” and “Second Acts”

The career mystique is the belief that working hard and putting in long hours continuously throughout adulthood is the path to occupational success, personal fulfillment, and a secure retirement. This is a false myth, increasingly irrelevant for most contemporary Americans, given that (1) few employees today have the back up of full-time homemakers, and (2) a competitive, information economy has fostered a global labor market, destroying the implicit contract linking seniority with security. America’s 21st century workforce requires a reconfiguration of “time in” paid work, including opportunities for “time outs,” as well as for “second acts.”President’s Address, Annual Meeting of the Eastern Sociological Society, February 2004; also presented at the parallel research and policy forum “Sustainable Careers for a Changing Workforce.”     

Married Couples’ Time Allocation Decisions and Marital Stability

The Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 1985–1992, are the data used to simultaneously examine the role of family stability to both market and household time allocation for both spouses and the role of couples’ time allocation in their probability of divorce. The study found that increases in the probabilities of divorce were only significantly correlated with decreases in wife’s housework time. It was also found by the study that increases in the husband’s market work hours and increases in the wife’s household work hours had negative effects on the probability of divorce.

Pension Participation: Do Parents Transmit Time Preference?

A wide range of economic and health behaviors are influenced by individuals’ attitudes toward the future—including investments in human capital, health capital and financial capital. Intergenerational correlations in such behaviors suggest an important role the family may play in transmitting time preferences to children. This article presents a model of parental investment in future-oriented capital, where parents shape their children’s time preference rates. The research identifies a dual role for a parent’s time preference rate in the process of shaping the offspring’s attitude toward the future, and discusses paths through which parents may socialize children to be patient. The model’s implications are studied by investigating the parent–child correlation in pension participation using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics     

“Women's Work”? Women Partners of Transgender Men Doing Housework and Emotion Work

Despite increasing family studies research on same‐sex cohabiters and families, the literature is virtually devoid of transgender and transsexual families. To bridge this gap, I present qualitative research narratives on household labor and emotion work from 50 women partners of transgender and transsexual men. Contrary to much literature on “same‐sex” couples, the division of household labor and emotion work within these contemporary families cannot simply be described as egalitarian. Further, although the forms of emotion work and “gender strategies,”“family myths,” and “accounts” with which women partners of trans men engage resonate with those from women in (non‐trans) heterosexual and lesbian couples, they are also distinct, highlighting tensions among personal agency, politics, and structural inequalities in family life.     

利用Time machine制作电视字幕的方法与技巧

随着中国大学视频公开课的兴起,影视同期声字幕在网络视频教学中占有越来越重要的地位,Time machine(时间机器)软件拥有强大的功能,能够完成实时字幕的要求。本文重点介绍此软件的使用方法,从准备、录入、保存、修改、输出等方面做了具体介绍,使用者能够熟练地掌握应用方法,服务于教学当中。     

Night College Author Spends Five Years Getting Diploma in Spare Time

AT the age of 32, I went back to school. I enrolled as a student in the Department of History at a night college attached to Beijing Normal University. My son was only two years old at the time. At first I went to night classes just to earn a college diploma. I already had 15 years' work experience, including four years of being a magazine editor. But if I wanted to keep my job as editor, I had to obtain a diploma. When I first sat down in the terraced, 300-seat classroom and touched my new textbooks, I was full of a craving for knowledge. I knew that my classmates