实施质量战略:从ISO9000到6σ

有人断言:21世纪是质量的世纪。在经济全球化的激烈市场竞争中,价格战的作用变得越来越弱,质量已经成为企业成败的关键因素之一。从1875年泰勒提出科学管理理论,把质量检验作为一道工序引入生产过程中以保证产品质量以来,质量运动经历了质量控制、质量保证和质量管理三个历程。在这个历程中,质量管理手段和方法不断创新,其中最具有代表性的主要有全面质量管理(TQM)、卓越绩效管理(波多里奇质量奖标准)、ISO9000质量管理体系、6σ(六西格玛)管理等。20世纪90年代以来,一种新的“后ISO9000”质量管理模式———6σ管理在美国应运而生并取…     

六西格玛与ISO9000质量管理体系的比较分析

本文通过对六西格玛与ISO9000质量管理体系的相同点和不同点的比较点的分析，同ISO9000和六西格玛虽然属于两类不现的质量管关键词理方法，但存在着很强的互补性。企业应在ISO9000质量体系现有的流程中，逐步引进六西格玛质量管理方法。     

实施ISO 9000质量管理体系促进高新区管理创新

一、政府机关推行ISO 9000质量管理体系认证的重要意义 ISO9000族国际质量保证标准自发布20多年来，已经被世界上150多个国家和地区广泛采用，受到包括政府机关在内的各行各业的普遍认可。我国政府自上世纪90年代末开始引入ISO9000族质量管理体系以来，到目前已有2000多个政府部门通过了ISO9000认真，政府机关面貌焕然一新，受到社会广泛赞誉。实践证明，政府机关引入ISO9000认证，是推进我国行政管理创新的有效举措。     

六西格码与ISO9000的“兼容”

ISO9000为质量管理工作提供了一个基础平台,六西格玛管理法为组织带来了一个新的、垂直的质量管理方法体系。本文对六西格玛管理和ISO9000族标准作了简要的解析,并对六西格玛和ISO9000的主要区别及二者的联系进行了分析,在此基础上对如何把ISO9000和六西格玛管理方法有效地结合起来进行了探讨。     

浅析ISO 9000与流程管理

指出了ISO9000质量管理体系与业务流程管理(BPM)两者之间的关系,探讨了BPM是推动ISO9000持续改进的动力,列举了企业ISO9000与BPM结合的业务流程再造案例,说明组织在实施ISO9001标准,而未使用ISO9004指南标准时,流程管理是组织确保ISO9000质量管理体系得到持续改进的一种管理理论和方法。     

ISO9000、BPR和ERP作为先后涌现出的具有不同侧重的企业管理概念和工具，三者在提升企业的管理水平方面具有不同的作用

从目前情况来看，如何认识和处理ISO9000、BPR（业务流程重组）和ERP（企业资源计划系统）相互关系等问题困扰着不少中国企业的老总。如果企业已通过了ISO9000的认证，是否就意味着企业在管理方面已达到最高境界，可以一劳永逸，借助ISO9000的证书在竞争激烈的市场上通行无阻？在通过了ISO9000认证的前提下，如果再进行业务流程重组，是否会对ISO9000的复审带来冲击？另外，由于ISO9000、BPR和ERP的实施工作都将产生操作手册、业务手册、程序文件等大量文档，是否会使得企业在大量文件中无所适从？     

对学校实施IS0质量认证的利敝浅析

ISO是一个国际标准化组织,其成员由来自世界上100多个国家的标准化团体组成,国际标准化组织(ISO)于1970年成立了认证委员会,负责制定ISO质量认证的标准和法规,1987年3月正式发布了ISO9000<质量管理和质量保证>系列标准.ISO9000系列标准具有较强的指导性、实用性和权威性.它是一套严密质量管理认证,因此是国际上各认证评审机构都承认的质量保证体系.     

地方政府导入ISO9000步子可以再快点

ISO9000系列标准是在总结世界各国质量管理经验的基础上产生的关于质量管理的国际标准,该系列标准自1987年发布以来,引起全球性的推广ISO9000风暴。目前,全球已有149个国家和地区的50多万个各类组织导入ISO9000并获得第三方认证。我国行政部门自上世纪90年代末也开始引入ISO9000质量管理体系,涉及行政、财政、工商、税务、审计、教育、卫生、交通、海关、安监、司法、劳动保障、城市监察等各类政府部门。其中,江苏、广东、浙江、山东等省的公共部门在推行ISO9000标准方面走在全国前列。     

对学校实施ISO质量认证的利敝浅析

ISO是一个国际标准化组织,其成员由来自世界上100多个国家的标准化团体组成,国际标准化组织(ISO)于1970年成立了认证委员会,负责制定ISO质量认证的标准和法规,1987年3月正式发布了ISO9000<质量管理和质量保证>系列标准.ISO9000系列标准具有较强的指导性、实用性和权威性.它是一套严密质量管理认证,因此是国际上各认证评审机构都承认的质量保证体系.     

面向流程的MRPⅡ与ISO9000结合模式

首先从管理理念的相似性、管理职能的互补性和实施的关联性角度说明MRPII与ISO9000结合的可能性和必要性，然后提出了以流程为结合点的结合模式，并在MRPII与ISO9000的几个主要流程及其特点分析的基础上，给出了MRPII与ISO9000结合的框架.     

WHY FIRMS SEEK ISO 9000 CERTIFICATION: REGULATORY COMPLIANCE OR COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE?

Proponents of iso 9000 certification claim that it is a low-cost signal of a firm's commitment to quality and a meaningful component of total quality management (TQM). Critics claim that it has little relation to TQM and is a tariff on international trade. We test the hypothesis that firms obtain ISO 9000 certification to comply with government and customer demands by estimating a probit model of the certification decision. The results support the view of proponents of ISO 9000. After controlling for regulatory and customer pressures to obtain ISO 9000, other factors related to quality management and quality-based competition explain the adoption decision.     

Evolution of Quality: First Fifty Issues of Production and Operations Management

Many contributions have been made to the field of quality since the inaugural issue of Production and Operations Management in 1992. The first issue called for more research and teaching on TQM, which resulted in two special issues dedicated to TQM. Many other articles related to quality have also been published in the first fifty issues of the journal on topics ranging from technical methods to the Baldrige Award and ISO 9000. As we review these articles, we assess their contribution and the progression of the field of quality. Although past research has advanced our understanding of quality, there still exists many research opportunities in developing more theory, using additional research methodologies, and studying emerging topics in this field.     

A strategy for incorporting ISO 9000 into an internationally oriented accounting practice

Management consulting organizations generally can plan to improve their earnings by two strategies. First, they can offer their services in a more efficient manner by using a minimum amount of resources. This is normally accomplished by employing common tools such as reengineering of the processes, continuous improvement, and target costing. Second, they can attempt to raise their market share or offer new types of services required by clients. For accounting firms, this means expanding their service horizons from traditional audit, tax, and systems consulting to more contemporary areas such as ISO 9000 and total quality management (TQM). The authors outline an approach for firms to successfully undertake the inclusion of quality audit services in their practices.     

INTERNATIONAL DIFFUSION OF ISO 14000 CERTIFICATION

The ISO 9000 series of quality management systems standards and the more recent ISO 14000 environmental management systems standards have generated much controversy among practitioners. Although ISO 9000 has become a de facto requirement for many firms, its effects are poorly understood, and similarly the value and domain of applicability of ISO 14000 have been questioned. This paper reports on an exploratory study into the global spread of ISO 14000. We interviewed practitioners worldwide to identify factors that they believe explain differences between national ISO 14000 certification counts. We then collected quantititive data for these factors and, using regression analysis, we found that exports, environmental attitudes (combined with economic development), and ISO 9000 certification count were significant. The fact that ISO 9000 appears as an important factor explaining diffusion of ISO 14000 certifications suggests that the drivers behind the two have significant overlap. This indicates that, although ISO 14000 is an environmental standard, many of the factors driving national certification patterns are not at all environmental in nature, and that ISO 14000 therefore needs to be studied from a broader perspective than from a purely environmental point of view.     

UNDERSTANDING THE IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE MALCOLM BALDRIGE NATIONAL QUALITY AWARD AND ISO 9000 REGISTRATION

Market globalization, higher requirements for improved quality, and tough, faster-pace, price-sensitive competition have led to two parallel and visible quality thrust: the Baldrige Award in the U.S. and, internationally, the ISO 9000 standards. The relationship between the Baldrige Award and ISO 9000 registration is widely confused. Two common misper-ceptions stand out: (1) that they both cover the same requirements and (2) that they both address improvement, relying on high quality results, and thus, are both forms of recognition. Many have concluded that the Baldrige Award and ISO 9000 are equivalent and that companies should choose one or the other. These conclusions are incorrect. The Baldrige Award and ISO 9000 registration differ fundamentally in focus, purpose, and content. The focus of the Baldrige Award is on enhanced competitiveness. The Award Criteria reflect two key competitiveness thrusts: (1) delivery of ever-improving value to customers and (2) improvement of overall operational performance. The Award's central purpose is educational-to encourage sharing knowledge and experience of competitiveness and to drive this learning, creating an evolving fund of knowledge. By contrast, the focus of ISO 9000 registration is on conformity to practices specified in the registrant's own quality systems. Its central purpose is to enhance and facilitate trade. The Baldrige Award addresses competitiveness factors either not addressed in ISO 9000 registration or addressed differently. These factors include a customer and market focus, results orientation, continuous improvement, competitive comparisons, a tie to business strategy, cycle time and responsiveness, integration via analysis, public responsibility, human resource development, and information sharing. Overall, ISO 9000 registration covers less than 10% of the scope of the Baldrige Award Criteria and does not fully address any of the 28 Criteria items. As a result, the national drive to improve competitiveness could be diminished. Companies required to or electing to seek ISO 9000 registration are encouraged to integrate their conformity efforts with the Baldrige Award competitiveness improvement framework.     

Application of TQM Principles in the International Technology Transfer Process of Industrial Production Plants: A Conceptual Framework

This paper attempts to illustrate the application of the principles in Total Quality Management (TQM) to the International Technology Transfer (ITT) processes used in industrial production plants. Disaggregated analysis of the ‘technology transformation’ process is deployed to highlight the application of TQM. AT&T's ‘customer–supplier’ model of quality is introduced to explain the interactive roles of the parties involved. It argues that the existing literature deals inadequately with the issues raised and discussed in this paper. A conceptual ITT-TQM model is proposed. Such a model should ensure proper assimilation of imported technology and permit continuous improvement of the processes leading to the customer satisfaction. It is suggested that the success of the model depends on the ‘win-win-win’ strategies of the supplier, the process owner and the customer. Examples from various sources are presented to reinforce the argument. In addition, international standards such as the ISO 9000 standard and frameworks for TQM such as the US Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award and the European Quality Award (European Foundation for Quality Management) are posited as necessary to ensure quality technology transfer.     

面向流程的MRPII与ISO9000结合模式

首先从管理理念的相似性、管理职能的互补性和实施的关联性角度说明 MRPII与ISO90 0 0结合的可能性和必要性 ,然后提出了以流程为结合点的结合模式 ,并在 MRPII与ISO90 0 0的几个主要流程及其特点分析的基础上 ,给出了 MRPII与 ISO90 0 0结合的框架     

LEAN AND GREEN? AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEAN PRODUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE

Lean production may have a significant public good spillover—improved environmental performance. However, empirical evidence of the link between lean production practices and environmental performance has not resolved the nature of the relationship. To explore this issue, we conduct an empirical analysis of the environmental performance of 17,499 U.S. manufacturing establishments during the time period 1991–1996. We find that those establishments that adopt the quality management standard ISO 9000 are more likely to adopt the environmental management standard ISO 14000. We also find strong evidence that lean production, as measured by ISO 9000 adoption and low chemical inventories, is complementary to waste reduction and pollution reduction.     

Universal versus contextual effects on TQM: a triangulation study using neural networks

The objective of this study is to extend previous research on total quality management (TQM)-context-performance relationships and ‘fit’ using multiple methods. We combine artificial neural networks (ANNs) with structural equation modelling (SEM) to analyse several hypotheses and propositions. This is the first study in this area of research that utilises ANNs and a triangulation technique in the presence of several contextual factors. The SEM analyses suggest that company size and industry type may have contingency effects on some of the TQM practices and/or TQM-performance relationships. However, the ANN models have shown that these two contingency factors do not moderate TQM outcomes, implying that all organisations can benefit from TQM regardless of size and type. As well, these models show that formal TQM implementation and/or ISO certifications do not add any predictive power to the ANN models except in one case: TQM implementation and/or ISO certification added to organisational effectiveness and customer results to predict financial and market (F&M) results. The results further indicate that even though implementing TQM alone has a bigger impact on F&M results than obtaining ISO certification alone, combining the two will have an even greater impact on these results. Joint implementation leads to greater improvements in organisational effectiveness, which, in turn, has a positive effect on customer results and consequently F&M results. This is a unique finding within the context of moderator effects on TQM-performance relationships.     

产品责任预防方法与体系研究

产品责任是我国企业在加入WTO后面临的一个重要课题。由于我国在产品责任方面的立法水平较低,企业管理层尚未对产品责任问题有充分的认识。本文就造成产品责任的三种缺陷提出了产品责任预防的策略与方法。提出了将产品责任预防体系与ISO9000质量管理体系融合,达到预防产品责任,提高产品质量和企业竞争力的目的。