法团主义与当代中国社会

作为一个源远流长的政治思想,法团主义一直认为要关注国家与社会之间的联合与协作,这种主张与西方当代主流的多元主义大相径庭,后者提倡市民社会与国家的分立与制约。然而,在分析当代中国社会时,法团主义的视角却有着巨大的理论潜力。无论是在中国的城市社会、农村社会还是基层政府组织中,都出现了许多法团化的组织形态,这样一种社会特征通过许多具有法团主义视角的研究得以比较清晰的展现。法团主义成功应用于中国社会研究得益于它与中国社会多方面的契合性,但同时二者的差异也必须予以细致的分析。     

利益代表与社会整合——法团主义视角下的武汉工会(1945-1949)

针对多元主义这一社团政治理论预设存在的盲区,本文以法团主义理论为视角,以战后武汉工会为研究对象,考察其是否具有利益代表职能及强组织凝聚力,并执行社会整合功能。研究发现,战后武汉工会不具备法团主义整合方案所要求的基本条件,其整合模式既异于国家法团主义模式,又不同于社会法团主义模式。究其原因,弱势独裁的政府始终未能实现行政权力的集中化、分层化与制度化;政府对社会的专制控制使得民间社会趋于萎缩,无法发展出充分专业化分工的社会团体。先天的不足使武汉工会只有法团主义的形而无其神,最终无法担负起社会整合的功能。     

政党合作中民主监督的结构功能研究——基于法团主义视角下的考察

民主监督是人民政协的第二大功能,政党合作则是人民政协的制度核心,也是我国社会主义制度的政治优势。在政党合作的同时如何加强民主监督,是一个理论难题。这首先需要析出政党合作的理论来源。本文运用法团主义,对政党合作理论进行了梳理,并提出通过多元主义要素植入的方式,完善民主监督和政党合作的功能协作。     

理解法团主义——兼论其在中国国家与社会关系研究中的适用性

近年来,法团主义被越来越多地用于对中国的国家与社会关系进行理论概括或预测。本文认为,这种概括或预测是不恰当的,究其原因在于,多数使用者在对法团主义的理解上缺乏总体性,从而导致判断上的偏差。本文首先尝试对法团主义进行一种总体性考察,即依次考察其问题指向、观念基础、制度特征和社会基础,在此基础上指出,法团主义作为一种模式并不适合用来对中国的国家与社会关系进行理论概括或预测,尽管二者在观念及制度上具有高度相似性,但后者缺乏前者所必需的社会组织基础。     

从国家主义到法团主义--中国市场转型过程中国家与专业团体关系的演变

专业性社团已经成为中国公民社会的重要组成部分。根据北京大学公民社会团体研究中心的调查 ,作者发现 :由于国家的卷入 ,专业性社团的自主性尚未得到充分发展。在具有法团主义特征的社团监管体系下 ,专业性社团享有垄断地位。绝大多数专业性社团是以自上而下的方式形成的 ,也就是所谓“由组织出面组建” ;虽然国家不再为专业性社团提供财务支持 ,但业务主管单位通过领导人选择有效地控制着专业性社团的活动。为了能够继续维持其垄断性地位 ,专业性社团大多也不积极寻求社团自主性的强化。由于国家主义的遗产 ,国家与专业性团体的这种法团主义式关系 ,并不像许多人认为的那样 ,是一种过渡性形态。值得注意的问题是 ,在这样一种大的制度框架中 ,国家与社会相互增权的新理念和新模式是否能够得到发展 ,并且进一步推动中国的社团空间向社会法团主义转化 ?     

大力发展非政府组织——雪灾和地震之后的思考

近年．我国非政府组织（NGO）有了飞速发展,数量由1978年的6000多个发展到2008年初的38．5万个,其中包括社会团体21万个．民办非企业单位17．4万个．基金会1341个。NGO作为平衡政府与市场的重要力量,其地位与作用日益显现。     

空巢老人问题的最终解决——政府与非政府组织的合作

2005年2月的某一天,家住海淀区科星社区的王兰君老人迎来了一批特殊的客人——5位来自北京大学社会学系的研究生。他们是中关村街道招募的青年志愿者。这个春节,该校20多位研究生将走进空巢老人家,陪老人一起聊天、看电视、包饺子,欢欢喜喜过大年。     

我国政府向社会组织购买公共服务的困境与对策研究

近年来,随着政府购买服务的逐步发展,我国迎来了新一波社会组织的发展热潮,政府一系列简政放权、放管结合的举措必将增加服务供给、扩大内需和就业。本文从社会组织的概念剖析入手,对其进行了简单的分类,指出我国社会团体发展存在的困难,提出相应的对策和建议,为政府购买服务这一新型公共服务供给方式的不断完善进行探索。     

政府向社会组织购买公共服务的问题与对策分析

政府向社会组织购买公共服务是我国公共服务制度的重要创新,对节约政府开支,提高公共服务效果有着重要意义。这种做法正在探索之中,购买程序、购买内容、定价、资金来源、评估机制等都存在着问题,需从两大方面探求解决途径,即政府应加大培养社会组织的力度,从法律法规层面上健全制度设计。     

The new geography of global civil society: NGOs in the world city network

Recent research on the geography of NGOs in Global Civil Society yearbooks has emphasized a north-west European bias. This has been taken to imply that global civil society is but a pale geographical shadow of the power concentrations in global economy and governance. Using an interlocking network model and data on 74 global NGOs with offices across 178 cities, NGO connectivity values for cities show that there is a ‘global South’, especially sub-Saharan African, geographical bias. Nairobi is the most connected world city with respect to NGO activities. This marked contrast to recent received wisdom implies a diffuse network power relationship. To the extent that global NGOs reveal the new geography of global civil society in a space of flows, these results support a positive interpretation for NGOs contributing to an emancipatory global agenda.     

复调社会及其生产——以civil society的三种汉译法为基础

复调社会指特定空间内同时存有多种不同的社会力量和社会领域,它们具有平等的地位和价值,既对立又对话,既协调又冲突,使该社会处于未完成状态。本文就汉语世界对civil society的三种不同译法即公民社会、市民社会和民间社会展开社会学考察,认为这译名选择的差异源于不同欧洲语言赋予civil society的不同指涉,以及中译者基于对本国现代化的过程和目标的不同理解而做出的不同选择,故具有实质的或者说社会学的价值。本文的复调社会指这三种译法及其所表示的三个社会领域之间的对立和对话关系。启蒙运动以来,西方国家复调社会的形成主要表现在资产阶级、知识分子和工人阶级这三种力量的发育及其间错综复杂的合作和对立关系的延展。到20世纪后期,西方复调社会基本成型,但随着新的价值和需求的不断再生产,西方复调社会依然处在未完成状态。复调社会的提出,有助于洞察civil society相互冲突的内涵,防止在理论上和实践中用一种内涵遮蔽其他内涵。     

Approaches to civil society in authoritarian states: The case of China

Both civil society in China and research on Chinese civil society have developed profoundly over the last three decades. Research on Chinese civil society can be classified into two categories: a structure‐oriented approach and an agency‐oriented approach. Both approaches acknowledge the state's dominant position in restricting the political space for civil society engagement, but they differ in their understanding of state–civil society relations. A key concern within the structure‐oriented approach is to analyze how the autonomy of civil society organizations is shaped by their structural position vis‐à‐vis the state. Agency‐oriented scholars, on the other hand, reject the analytical focus on structural autonomy. Instead, they build on a more nuanced understanding of the authoritarian yet nonmonolithic context in China and analyze how civil society organizations develop specific strategies to be able to operate within their restricted political space. In particular, agency‐oriented scholars have analyzed two ways in which organizations exercise agency: by strategically developing formal or informal ties with state actors and by bringing their engagement into the public sphere to raise awareness and express their voice. What could be further developed in the agency‐oriented approach is, however, a deeper understanding of the political dimensions of civil society agency.     

Promoting sustainable development through civil society: A case study of the EU’s NSA/LA thematic programme in Kyrgyzstan

The article focuses on the contribution of the European Union (EU) in promoting sustainable development through the involvement of civil society in partner countries. More specifically, it analyses the main features and outcomes of the projects implemented by civil society organizations (CSOs) in Kyrgyzstan under the EU thematic programme Non‐State Actors and Local Authorities in Development (NSA/LA). Despite its importance—this is the only EU programme providing direct support to non‐state actors and local authorities engaged in poverty reduction—to date, there has been very little research on the functioning of this instrument on the ground. This article seeks to fill this gap in the literature by examining the EU’s contribution to sustainable development through a case study on Kyrgyzstan. The study is based on primary data: 10 semi‐structured interviews conducted with the EU‐funded organizations implementing the NSA/LA programme. The NSA/LA projects were analysed by considering two major fields of engagement of non‐state actors in the development process: as service providers and as advocates (Banks & Hulme, 2012). Overall, the organizations awarded EU support were not only focused on fulfilling short‐term needs but also sought to introduce new ways of dealing with poverty and inequality, positioning themselves between the “Big‐D” and the “little‐d” approaches to development (Bebbington, Hickey, & Mitlin, 2008). Nonetheless, the EU‐funded projects were too limited and fragmented to be able to sustain long‐term structural change. Therefore, the EU should place new emphasis on creating synergies between new and old structures at the grassroots level and establishing mechanisms and bodies that could merge and co‐ordinate their efforts. In addition, the calls for proposals could highlight the need to share the lessons learnt by “obliging” the beneficiaries to act as multipliers and to pass on their positive experience to neighbouring communities. Finally, the EU could stimulate the funded organizations to experiment with innovative mechanisms of involvement in the policy‐making process, by making this aspect a mandatory requirement of the projects implemented with its support.     

Developing ethical approaches to data and civil society: from availability to accessibility

This research note reflects on the gaps and limitations confronting the development of ethical principles regarding the accessibility of large-scale data for civil society organizations (CSOs). Drawing upon a systematic scoping study on the use of data in the United Kingdom (UK) civil society, it finds that there are twin needs to conceptualize accessibility as more than mere availability of data, as well as examine the use of data among CSOs more generally. In order to deal with the apparent “digital divide” in UK civil society – where, despite extensive government rhetoric about data openness, organizations face not only the barriers of limited time, funds, and expertise to harness data but also the lack of representation within existing data – we present a working model in which ethical concerns accompanying data utilization by civil society may be better accounted. This suggests there is a need for further research into the nexus of civil society and data upon which interdisciplinary discussion about the ethical dimensions of engagement with data, particularly informed by insight from the social sciences, can be predicated.     

Different perspectives: A review of some current literature

Recent literature is contributing new ways of conceptualizing human development which will affect understanding and treating of clients. This paper compares some of the papers in the latest edition of thePsychoanalytic Study of the Child with the work of Daniel N. Stern as presented inThe Interpersonal World of the Infant.