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1.
This article argues that Alfred Chandler's analysis of the British firm cannot be transposed to the very different context
of non-profit organisations in Britain. Both in relation to charitable non-profit organisations and mutual benefit organisations,
Chandler's theory of the development of firms does not help explain organisational development. The main thrust of the argument
is that the explanation for the smaller size of charitable non-profits in Britain than in America is largely institutional
and partly socio-cultural; the explanation does not lie in any failure in Britain to adopt new techniques of management and
organisation. With mutual benefit non-profits, a rather different account is presented. ‘Mutuals’ which had a strong fraternal
element were relatively more successful in Britain than in America, although there is less difference between the two countries
with regard to ‘non-fraternal’ mutuals. Once again, it is argued that institutional and socio-cultural factors—rather than
the factors identified by Chandler—account for this.
I wish to thank Desmond King for his helpful comments on an earlier version of this essay. 相似文献
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Entrepreneurship theories of the non-profit sector 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Christoph Badelt 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1997,8(2):162-178
This article summarises the main results of entrepreneurship theories of the non-profit sector and discusses the impact they
may have on theory development and on the real world non-profit sector. It is pointed out that the entrepreneurship approach
advances our knowledge of the non-profit sector, especially by stressing the supply-side aspect and by focusing on the preferences
individuals must have in order to engage in non-profit activities. There is empirical evidence consistent with entrepreneurship
theories. Yet most observations do not exclusively support entrepreneurship theories but also provide evidence consistent
with other economic theories of the non-profit sector. This illustrates that the various economic theories of the non-profit
sector are more complements than substitutes. Furthermore, entrepreneurship theories indirectly help to improve the image
non-profit organisations have in the real world; therefore they play a prominent role in teaching programmes which have been
established to train non-profit managers.
The author gratefully acknowledges the comments of the participants of theVoluntas Symposium at Yale University, especially the comments made by Estelle James, James Ferris and Dennis Young. 相似文献
4.
Alice K. Johnson Dennis R. Young 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1997,8(3):303-322
With the revolution of December 1989, citizens of Romania gained the right to form non-profit organisations for the first
time in 40 years. Since then, Romania has begun to explore the frontiers of private initiative through the introduction of
non-profit, non-governmental organisations as well as profit-making businesses. In this article we review the historical development
and legal framework of Romania's emerging non-profit sector. We also provide the first empirical snapshot of that sector by
applying the International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations (ICNPO) developed by Salamon and Anheier to 499 organisations
identified in theSoros Catalogue of Nongovernmental Organizations in Romania: 1991–92. Finally, we speculate on the future development of the Romanian non-profit sector by considering alternative scenarios involving
the relationships between indigenous nonprofits, international NGOs and the Romanian government. 相似文献
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Lester M. Salamon Helmut K. Anheier 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1994,4(4):530-554
As a result in part of the way non-profit institutions are defined and treated in the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA), little is known about the size, scope, financial base and role of this set of institutions at the international level, even though their importance is increasingly being recognised throughout the world. To remedy this significant lack of systematic information on non-profit institutions cross-nationally, the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project has undertaken a major analysis of the economic role of this sector in twelve countries throughout the world, utilising a more meaningful definition of the sector and an approach that is otherwise consistent with the overall thrust of the SNA system. This paper outlines the basis of the more inclusive definition of the non-profit sector embodied in this project, the classification system formulated to structure data-gathering on this more broadly-defined sector and the data assembly strategy developed to build up key estimates of the scale, structure and revenue sources of the non-profit sector in the project countries. The article concludes with a recommendation to incorporate a similar approach to the assembly of data on the non-profit sector into the ongoing SNA system on a regular basis.Professor Lester Salamon is Director of the Institute for Policy Studies and Director of the Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218.Helmut Anheier is Research Scientist at the Institute for Policy Studies at the Johns Hopkins University and Assistant Professor of Sociology at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903. He is co-editor ofVoluntas. 相似文献
6.
Virginia A. Hodgkinson Murray S. Weitzman 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1994,4(4):519-529
The input-output model currently used for estimating the size, scope and dimensions of the non-profit sector in the US economy is based on the SIC system. Unfortunately, this system is inadequate to provide detailed information on the non-profit sector. In response, we developed a classification system — the National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities (NTEE) — to define and measure the sector more accurately. This article describes the relationship between the SIC-based measures and the NTEE based measures, and reports on current efforts to link the NTEE system with tax data bases maintained at the Internal Revenue Service.Virginia Hodgkinson is Vice President for Research at Independent Sector, Washington, DC, 20036.Murray Weitzman is a Senior Research Consultant at Independent Sector. 相似文献
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Although there has been a debate in the USA for more than two decades about competition policy and non-profit organisations, the debate has not yet had the same prominence in Europe. Only in the last few years, even in the USA, has anti-trust policy toward the sector been examined. The paper examines the position for two groups of competition issues in European Community law: first, the problem of the lawfulness of grant aid, given the rules against state subsidies distorting competition; and second, the application of the rules for competition in the single market including EC anti-trust law. Particular legal problems are identified for non-profits which use geographical catchment area agreements with similar organisations. Finally, the paper examines a range of policy issues which arise on consideration of Community law, including the idea of community development as a locally autarchic objective, the terms of competition for grants and contracts, and the possible implications of the future application of European competition law to non-profits in the Community.This paper is part of a series of studies on non-profit organisations and competition policy; others include 6, 1991; 1992a,b. Many people, all of whom know much more about the law and the economics of this subject than I do, have helped me with this paper. I am particularly grateful to Richard Steinberg, Tymen van den Ploeg, Richard Whish, Martin Knapp, Jeremy Kendall and Stephen Lloyd who read and commented on earlier drafts. Richard Whish urged me to greater caution on the meaning of undertaking and interstate trade effects, pointed out the relevance of the subsidiarity provisions in Maastricht, put me straight on the merger regulations, and saved me from a number of legal errors. I am grateful to Jeremy Kendall for pointing out the BUPA case to me, and to Tymen van den Ploeg for directing me to theDaily Mail case and explaining its significance to me with greater patience than I deserved. I have also benefited from advice from Lindsay Driscoll, Nigel Tarling, Bridget Phelps, Anita Randon and Janet Morrison. I am grateful also to all the people who attended an NCVO seminar on 27 April 1992 at which a late draft of the paper was given for their comment. None of them is responsible for my errors. Although I am employed by the National Council for Voluntary Organisations, London, the paper represents my own views and not those of the Council. 相似文献
8.
Steven Kreisberg 《Journal of Labor Research》2004,25(2):223-232
The future of nonpublic safety, non-teacher, non-federal public sector unions is bright. As a result of past success, the
unions, led by AFSCME, have an organizing culture and sufficient power within the sector to maintain and increase density.
However, the challenges that lie ahead in the 21st century will surely test the strength of AFSCME and the other public service
unions. The large gains in public employee membership achieved in the last third of the 20th century are not likely to come
with the relative ease with which they were achieved during that period. The remaining unorganized workers are in locations
and occupations that have not been historically fertile ground for unions, public or private. In addition, the threat of privatization
of jobs requires public unions to re-think their traditional strategies and organize in the more hostile private sector while
simultaneously protecting the public sector from attacks. The public sector unions recognize that they have a tenuous grasp
on their relatively strong position and must organize to maintain and strengthen their position. Absent dramatic changes in
federal private sector labor law, and adoption of numerous public sector labor laws, the resources necessary for organization
will be tremendous. The future is bright for the public sector unions only because they have demonstrated a willingness to
adapt to change, make sacrifices, and deploy sufficient resources to achieve growth.
The views herein are the author’s and do not necessarily represent the views of AFSCME. 相似文献
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A common feature of most non-profit theories is their concentration on the service-providing role of non-profit organisations, and the neglect of their redistributional role. At the cost of some simplification, there are two possible public policy responses to social inequalities: (1) the welfare state model with welfare redistribution under government control; and (2) the non-profit-based model — a large network of private organisations heavily supported by the government and complemented by government delivery of services. After 40 years of state socialism, Hungary now faces some important questions. What will be the role of the new voluntary sector? What are the possibilities of following the Western European route — a version of the welfare state model — or the American way — a non-profit-based model bolstered by ‘third-party government’? The present Hungarian situation is ambiguous; we can find arguments for and against both. It is also argued that a mixed solution, some cooperation between the public and private sectors, is needed. The Western European, American and Hungarian experiences indicate that only a strong for-profit sector and a developed, harmonious government/non-profit partnership can ensure healthy social and economic development. The present Hungarian situation is far too complex and difficult to promise a fast and conflict-free establishment of this partnership. But both public institutions and government are acting in a way that may result in the development of a government-supported non-profit sector. There may be an opportunity for developing a ‘Hungarian welfare state model’. 相似文献
11.
Keith Snavely Uday Desai 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1995,6(1):23-38
Bulgaria, like other East European nations since the collapse of communism, has moved rapidly to form private, self-directed
non-profit and voluntary organisations. Like those nations too, Bulgaria faces a number of challenges in its pursuit of forming
a strong non-profit sector. Chief among those challenges are establishing a sound legal foundation, defining the social purposes
and functions of the non-profit sector, and establishing the legitimacy of these organisations in the minds of the Bulgarian
people. These three challenges are analysed in the essay, following an overview of the current make-up and characteristics
of the emerging non-profit sector. 相似文献
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Bruce R. Kingma 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1997,8(2):135-148
Burton Weisbrod's 1975 article, Toward a theory of the voluntary non-profit sector in a three-sector economy, models non-profit
organisations as suppliers of public goods which are undersupplied by government to heterogeneous populations. This article
examines the implications, extensions and empirical tests of the Weisbrod theory. It also examines the theories of pure and
impure altruism, the heterogeneity hypothesis, and the various ‘publicness’ indexes of non-profit output. The commonalities
between the public good model and the trustworthiness model of non-profit organisations are also explored.
He is also a Research Associate of the Mandel Center for Nonprofit Organizations at Case Western Reserve University. 相似文献
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This paper provides an overview of reforms in Danish long-term care initiated in the early 1980s, describes the relationship between elder care in Denmark and the family, and considers implications for U.S. policy. The success of Denmark's community-based experimentation with new models of home care and housing for the elderly resulted in a national decision to eliminate new construction of nursing homes and increase access to publicly funded home care. Lingering concern that the provision of paid assistance for the elderly could undermine family structure is allayed by the findings of a recent survey: Three-fourths of the elderly report seeing their children on a weekly or more frequent basis. Findings from the Danish experience provide evidence that community-based services can aid family caregivers, enable the frail elderly to live in the setting of their choice, and be cost-effective from a public policy perspective. 相似文献
15.
Kathleen S. Kelly 《Public Relations Review》1994,19(4)
Although scholars have examined marketing encroachment on public relations in the for-profit sector, little research has been done on encroachment by fund raising in the nonprofit sector. This article documents fund-raising encroachment and theorizes about external and internal factors contributing to it. It concludes that role as a technician, perception of public relations as a secondary function, organizational turbulence, and dependency on private gifts lead to the takeover of the public relations department. 相似文献
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The importance of non-profit organisations (NPOs) in the South African development sector is undisputed, especially after the economic recession that negatively affected government's delivery of social services. Despite its important role, NPOs experience great difficulties, obtaining sustained funding. 相似文献
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Michael Lepore Angela M. Greene Kristie Porter Linda Lux Emily Vreeland Catherine Hawes 《Journal of aging & social policy》2019,31(1):49-65
Residential care facilities operating without a state license are known to house vulnerable adults. Such unlicensed care homes (UCHs) commonly operate illegally, making them difficult to investigate. We conducted an exploratory, multimethod qualitative study of UCHs, including 17 subject matter expert interviews and site visits to three states, including a total of 30 stakeholder interviews, to understand UCH operations, services provided, and residents served. Findings indicate that various vulnerable groups reside in UCHs; some UCHs offer unsafe living environments; and some residents are reportedly abused, neglected, and financially exploited. Regulations, policies, and practices that might influence UCH prevalence are discussed. 相似文献
18.
Helen Stone Tice 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1994,4(4):445-464
This paper first reviews the measurement and presentation of non-profit institutions in the US national income and product accounts. For the most part in these accounts, transactions of non-profit institutions serving individuals are consolidated with those of the individuals served and recorded in the personal income and outlay account, a treatment that a majority of users have never found satisfactory. The paper next details the recommendations for these institutions proposed for the 1993 System of National Accounts (SNA). The paper then offers some suggestions on how the treatment of non-profit institutions in the US national income and product accounts might be modified in the light of the 1993 SNA recommendations.This paper was originally prepared forImproving Economic Statistics: Measurement of the Nonprofit Sector and Its Presentation in Federal Statistics, a workshop sponsored by The Committee on National Statistics, National Research Council, May 21–22, 1992, at the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.The author wishes to acknowledge the helpful comments of colleagues at the Bureau of Economic Analysis and other participants in the Workshop, as well as those of two anonymous reviewers. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Bureau of Economic Analysis or the Department of Commerce. 相似文献
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