Rank-based analysis of repeated measures block designs

A rank-based inference is developed for repeated measures balanced incomplete block and randomized complete block designs using a suitable dispersion function. Asymptotic distributions of rank estimators are developed after establishing approximate linearity of the gradient vector of the dispersion function. Unlike available nonparametric procedures for those designs, estimation and testing are tied together. Three different test statistics are developed for testing the linear hypotheses. Friedman's (1937) statistic and Durbin's (1951) statistic are particular cases of one of the three proposed statistics. An estimate of a scale parameter which appears in the ARE expression as well as as in the variences and covariances of the rank estimators is discussed.     

Separability tests for high-dimensional,low-sample size multivariate repeated measures data

Longitudinal imaging studies have moved to the forefront of medical research due to their ability to characterize spatio-temporal features of biological structures across the lifespan. Valid inference in longitudinal imaging requires enough flexibility of the covariance model to allow reasonable fidelity to the true pattern. On the other hand, the existence of computable estimates demands a parsimonious parameterization of the covariance structure. Separable (Kronecker product) covariance models provide one such parameterization in which the spatial and temporal covariances are modeled separately. However, evaluating the validity of this parameterization in high dimensions remains a challenge. Here we provide a scientifically informed approach to assessing the adequacy of separable (Kronecker product) covariance models when the number of observations is large relative to the number of independent sampling units (sample size). We address both the general case, in which unstructured matrices are considered for each covariance model, and the structured case, which assumes a particular structure for each model. For the structured case, we focus on the situation where the within-subject correlation is believed to decrease exponentially in time and space as is common in longitudinal imaging studies. However, the provided framework equally applies to all covariance patterns used within the more general multivariate repeated measures context. Our approach provides useful guidance for high dimension, low-sample size data that preclude using standard likelihood-based tests. Longitudinal medical imaging data of caudate morphology in schizophrenia illustrate the approaches appeal.     

Profile parallelism in repeated measures designs

Three statistics are developed to test tor treatment by time interaction after a certain point in repeated measures designs under several covariance matrix configurations, viz., unstructured, spherically symmetric and autoregressive. An example is fully developed.     

On the analysis of multivariate repeated measures designs

The relationship between the mixed-model analysis and multivariate approach to a repeated measures design with multiple responses is presented. It is shown that by taking the trace of the appropriate submatrix of the hypothesis (error) sums of squares and crossproducts (SSCP) matrix obtained from the multivariate approach, one can get the hypothesis (error) SSCP matrix for the mixed-model analysis. Thus, when analyzing data from a multivariate repeated measures design, it is advantageous to use the multivariate approach because the result of the mixed-model analysis can also be obtained without additional computation.     

A new approach to modeling positive random variables with repeated measures

In many situations, it is common to have more than one observation per experimental unit, thus generating the experiments with repeated measures. In the modeling of such experiments, it is necessary to consider and model the intra-unit dependency structure. In the literature, there are several proposals to model positive continuous data with repeated measures. In this paper, we propose one more with the generalization of the beta prime regression model. We consider the possibility of dependence between observations of the same unit. Residuals and diagnostic tools also are discussed. To evaluate the finite-sample performance of the estimators, using different correlation matrices and distributions, we conducted a Monte Carlo simulation study. The methodology proposed is illustrated with an analysis of a real data set. Finally, we create an R package for easy access to publicly available the methodology described in this paper.     

Comparing mean ranks for repeated measures data

Rank tests are considered that compare t treatments in repeated measures designs. A statistic is given that contains as special cases several that have been proposed for this problem, including one that corresponds to the randomized block ANOVA statistic applied to the rank transformed data. Another statistic is proposed, having a null distribution holding under more general conditions, that is the rank transform of the Hotelling statistic for repeated measures. A statistic of this type is also given for data that are ordered categorical rather than fully rankedo Unlike the Friedman statistic, the statistics discussed in this article utilize a single ranking of the entire sample. Power calculations for an underlying normal distribution indicate that the rank transformed ANOVA test can be substantially more powerful than the Friedman test.     

Robust group non-convex estimations for high-dimensional partially linear models

High-dimensional data with a group structure of variables arise always in many contemporary statistical modelling problems. Heavy-tailed errors or outliers in the response often exist in these data. We consider robust group selection for partially linear models when the number of covariates can be larger than the sample size. The non-convex penalty function is applied to achieve both goals of variable selection and estimation in the linear part simultaneously, and we use polynomial splines to estimate the nonparametric component. Under regular conditions, we show that the robust estimator enjoys the oracle property. Simulation studies demonstrate the performance of the proposed method with samples of moderate size. The analysis of a real example illustrates that our method works well.     

Reml estimation for repeated measures analysis

Models for repeated measures or growth curves consist of a mean response plus error and the errors are usually correlated. Both maximum likelihood and residual maximum likelihood (REML) estimators of a regression model with dependent errors are derived for cases in which the variance matrix of the error model admits a convenient Cholesky factorisation. This factorisation may be linked to methods for producing recursive estimates of the regression parameters and recursive residuals to provide a convenient computational method. The method is used to develop a general approach to repeated measures analysis.     

Goodness-of-fit measures of R 2 for repeated measures mixed effect models

Linear mixed effects model (LMEM) is efficient in modeling repeated measures longitudinal data. However, little research has been done in developing goodness-of-fit measures that can evaluate the models, particularly those that can be interpreted in an absolute sense without referencing a null model. This paper proposes three coefficient of determination (R ²) as goodness-of-fit measures for LMEM with repeated measures longitudinal data. Theorems are presented describing the properties of R ² and relationships between the R ² statistics. A simulation study was conducted to evaluate and compare the R ² along with other criteria from literature. Finally, we applied the proposed R ² to a real virologic response data of an HIV-patient cohort. We conclude that our proposed R ² statistics have more advantages than other goodness-of-fit measures in the literature, in terms of robustness to sample size, intuitive interpretation, well-defined range, and unnecessary to determine a null model.     

Some new constructions of circular balanced repeated measurements designs

Repeated measurements designs are widely used in medicine, pharmacology, animal sciences, and psychology. In this article, some infinite series are developed to generate the balanced repeated measurements designs for p (periods) even. For p odd, construction procedures are also described. Catalogues of the proposed designs are also presented for p = 5, 7, 9, when v ≤ 100.     

Computation aspects of the parameter estimates of linear mixed effects model in multivariate repeated measures set-up

The number of parameters mushrooms in a linear mixed effects (LME) model in the case of multivariate repeated measures data. Computation of these parameters is a real problem with the increase in the number of response variables or with the increase in the number of time points. The problem becomes more intricate and involved with the addition of additional random effects. A multivariate analysis is not possible in a small sample setting. We propose a method to estimate these many parameters in bits and pieces from baby models, by taking a subset of response variables at a time, and finally using these bits and pieces at the end to get the parameter estimates for the mother model, with all variables taken together. Applying this method one can calculate the fixed effects, the best linear unbiased predictions (BLUPs) for the random effects in the model, and also the BLUPs at each time of observation for each response variable, to monitor the effectiveness of the treatment for each subject. The proposed method is illustrated with an example of multiple response variables measured over multiple time points arising from a clinical trial in osteoporosis.     

A monte carlo study of the friedman and conover tests in the single-factor repeated measures design

A Monte Carlo study was used to compare the Type I error rates and power of two nonparametric tests against the F test for the single-factor repeated measures model. The performance of the nonparametric Friedman and Conover tests was investigated for different distributions, numbers of blocks and numbers of repeated measures. The results indicated that the type of the distribution has little effect on the ability of the Friedman and Conover tests to control Type error rates. For power, the Friedman and Conover tests tended to agree in rejecting the same false hyporhesis when the design consisted of three repeated measures. However, the Conover test was more powerful than the Friedman test when the number of repeated measures was 4 or 5. Still, the F test is recommended for the single-factor repeated measures model because of its robustness to non-normality and its good power across a range of conditions.     

On implementation of a test for Kronecker product covariance structure for multivariate repeated measures data

Under the assumption of multivariate normality the likelihood ratio test is derived to test a hypothesis for Kronecker product structure on a covariance matrix in the context of multivariate repeated measures data. Although the proposed hypothesis testing can be computationally performed by indirect use of Proc Mixed of SAS, the Proc Mixed algorithm often fails to converge. We provide an alternative algorithm. The algorithm is illustrated with two real data sets. A simulation study is also conducted for the purpose of sample size consideration.     

Small area estimation under a multivariate linear model for repeated measures data

In this article, small area estimation under a multivariate linear model for repeated measures data is considered. The proposed model aims to get a model which borrows strength both across small areas and over time. The model accounts for repeated surveys, grouped response units, and random effects variations. Estimation of model parameters is discussed within a likelihood based approach. Prediction of random effects, small area means across time points, and per group units are derived. A parametric bootstrap method is proposed for estimating the mean squared error of the predicted small area means. Results are supported by a simulation study.     

Testing diagonality of high-dimensional covariance matrix under non-normality

Under non-normality, this article is concerned with testing diagonality of high-dimensional covariance matrix, which is more practical than testing sphericity and identity in high-dimensional setting. The existing testing procedure for diagonality is not robust against either the data dimension or the data distribution, producing tests with distorted type I error rates much larger than nominal levels. This is mainly due to bias from estimating some functions of high-dimensional covariance matrix under non-normality. Compared to the sphericity and identity hypotheses, the asymptotic property of the diagonality hypothesis would be more involved and we should be more careful to deal with bias. We develop a correction that makes the existing test statistic robust against both the data dimension and the data distribution. We show that the proposed test statistic is asymptotically normal without the normality assumption and without specifying an explicit relationship between the dimension p and the sample size n. Simulations show that it has good size and power for a wide range of settings.     

Circular balanced repeated measurements designs

The concept of a circular design is defined and when proper balance for various effects is assumed, its universal optimality is proved over the class of all designs with the same set of parameters, Such designs are shown to minimize the variance of the best linear unbiased estimators of contrasts of residual and direct effects over the class of equireplicated designs. All models assume first order residual effects and are of a circular nature. The proofs are presented in a unified manner for several models at a time. They are based on certain matrix domination which occurs when parameters are eliminated from a linear modelj this latter fact is proved for a general linear model.     

Minimal circular balanced repeated measurement designs in unequal period sizes

Abstract

Repeated measurement designs (RMDs) are widely used in medicine, pharmacology, animal sciences and psychology. In these fields, there are several situations where these designs should be used in periods of different sizes. With the use of RMD, residual effects or carry over effects may arise and balanced RMDs are solution to this problem. In this article, therefore, some infinite series are developed through method of cyclic shifts to obtain circular balanced repeated measurements designs in periods of two different sizes.     

Circular balanced repeated measurement designs in periods of three different sizes

Abstract

Repeated measurement designs are widely used in medicine, pharmacology, animal sciences and psychology. If there is a restriction on the total number of treatments, some experimental units can receive on the total length of time while some experimental units can remain in the trial, then repeated measurements designs with unequal period sizes should be used. In this article, some infinite series are developed to generate the minimal balanced repeated measurement designs in periods of three different sizes p₁, p₂ and p₃, where 2?≤?p₃?<?p₂ ≤ 10 and p₂?<?p₁.     

Supervised classifiers for high-dimensional higher-order data with locally doubly exchangeable covariance structure

We explore the performance accuracy of the linear and quadratic classifiers for high-dimensional higher-order data, assuming that the class conditional distributions are multivariate normal with locally doubly exchangeable covariance structure. We derive a two-stage procedure for estimating the covariance matrix: at the first stage, the Lasso-based structure learning is applied to sparsifying the block components within the covariance matrix. At the second stage, the maximum-likelihood estimators of all block-wise parameters are derived assuming the doubly exchangeable within block covariance structure and a Kronecker product structured mean vector. We also study the effect of the block size on the classification performance in the high-dimensional setting and derive a class of asymptotically equivalent block structure approximations, in a sense that the choice of the block size is asymptotically negligible.     

A likelihood ratio like permutation test for one way designs

We consider permutation tests based on a likelihood ratio like statistic for the one way or k sample design used in an example in Kolassa and Robinson [(2011), ‘Saddlepoint Approximations for Likelihood Ratio Like Statistics with Applications to Permutation Tests’, Annals of Statistics, 39, 3357–3368]. We give explicitly the region in which the statistic exists, obtaining results which permit calculation of the statistic on the boundary of this region. Numerical examples are given to illustrate improvement in the power of the tests compared to the classical statistics for long-tailed error distributions and no loss of power for normal error distributions.