Disentangling the Governance Configurations of Strategic Spatial Plan-Making in European Urban Regions

This paper is aimed at assessing and disentangling how territorial governance configurations influence contemporary practices in strategic plan-making in 14 European urban regions. The findings allow us to distinguish three dominant practices: i) plan-making shaped by consensus building and multilevel government cooperation; ii) plan-making shaped by the involvement of profit-oriented actors and negotiations, and iii) plan-making shaped by consolidated planning practice. To truly grasp plan-making practice, it is necessary to scrutinize who rules and who is ruled while negotiations are unfolding, as well as the extent to which private actors’ interests influence how spatial development goals and strategies are defined.     

Spatial Optimization of Future Urban Development with Regards to Climate Risk and Sustainability Objectives

Future development in cities needs to manage increasing populations, climate‐related risks, and sustainable development objectives such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Planners therefore face a challenge of multidimensional, spatial optimization in order to balance potential tradeoffs and maximize synergies between risks and other objectives. To address this, a spatial optimization framework has been developed. This uses a spatially implemented genetic algorithm to generate a set of Pareto‐optimal results that provide planners with the best set of trade‐off spatial plans for six risk and sustainability objectives: (i) minimize heat risks, (ii) minimize flooding risks, (iii) minimize transport travel costs to minimize associated emissions, (iv) maximize brownfield development, (v) minimize urban sprawl, and (vi) prevent development of greenspace. The framework is applied to Greater London (U.K.) and shown to generate spatial development strategies that are optimal for specific objectives and differ significantly from the existing development strategies. In addition, the analysis reveals tradeoffs between different risks as well as between risk and sustainability objectives. While increases in heat or flood risk can be avoided, there are no strategies that do not increase at least one of these. Tradeoffs between risk and other sustainability objectives can be more severe, for example, minimizing heat risk is only possible if future development is allowed to sprawl significantly. The results highlight the importance of spatial structure in modulating risks and other sustainability objectives. However, not all planning objectives are suited to quantified optimization and so the results should form part of an evidence base to improve the delivery of risk and sustainability management in future urban development.     

Scale,Governance, Urban Form and Landscape: Exploring the Scope for an Integrated Approach to Metropolitan Spatial Planning

Based on the example of Metropolitan Cork, this paper looks at strands of planning thinking as they apply to the city-region: economic and political arguments about the scale of a city; landscape arguments about identity and place; spatial arguments about urban form and environmentally grounded arguments about nature, ecology and the city. Bringing together the different theoretical contexts and disciplinary frameworks of these interrelated approaches and relating them both to the often contradictory principles of sustainable development and to the challenge of achieving appropriate systems of governance at this scale, it explores an initial argument for how holistic and mutually reinforcing approaches to the spatial resilience of a city region might re-emerge.     

扩大内需政策对城乡经济协调发展的作用——基于城乡投入产出模型

本文基于自行编制的中国城乡投入产出表,利用生产诱发系数、诱发依赖系数和需求影响报酬模型,定量分析了扩大内需政策对城乡经济协调发展的作用。具体测算了4万亿元投资和家电下乡补贴政策对社会经济和城乡协调发展的影响以及缓解外需下滑的效果。计算结果显示:4万亿元投资和家电下乡等扩大内需政策可诱发全社会总产值增加额101251亿元,相当于2008年社会总产值的11.8%;4万亿元投资对城镇工业的诱发额相当于2008年工业总产值的14%。家电下乡对家电制造及相关行业的诱发额相当于2008年家电制造业产值的41%。4万亿元投资和2009年的家电下乡补贴对社会总产值诱发额比2009年上半年出口减少导致社会总产值的损失高76847亿元;4万亿元投资和家电下乡两项措施合计使城镇和农村居民人均收入分别增加1879元和786元,相当于2008年城镇居民人均收入的11.8%和农村居民人均收入的16.8%。但是,4万亿元投资和家电下乡对城镇劳动者报酬的诱发效果大于对农村劳动者报酬的诱发效果,对促进城乡居民收入均衡发展,来体现显著的促进作用。