The Leadership Styles of Women and Men

As women increasingly enter leadership roles that traditionally have been occupied mainly by men, the possibility that the leadership styles of women and men differ continues to attract attention. The focus of these debates on sameness versus difference can obscure the array of causal factors that can produce differences or similarities. Adopting the perspective of social role theory, we offer a framework that encompasses many of the complexities of the empirical literature on the leadership styles of women and men. Supplementing Eagly and Johnson's (1990) review of the interpersonally oriented, task-oriented, autocratic, and democratic styles of women and men, we present new data concerning the transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles.     

Peaceful power transfers or successions and democratic consolidation in South Korea

This article sheds light on the positive role of power transfers or leadership successions in the democratic consolidation process in South Korea. In this study, we argue that democratic consolidation in South Korea is slowly taking place, and it is best measured by institutional rather than an individual president’s accomplishment. Therefore, democratic consolidation is not directly related to the success or failure of presidents since the transition to democracy occurred in 1987. Regardless of each president’s performance, repeated power shifts and successions through fair elections are likely to lead to the creation of a favorable political environment for democratic institutions to mature, which will support continued democratic consolidation in South Korea.     

Petitions: Different Dimensions of Voice and Influence in the Scottish Parliament and the National Assembly for Wales

The creation of the National Assembly for Wales and the Scottish Parliament not only saw a shift in responsibility and democratic accountability for many areas of policy, including significant areas of social policy, but also provided the opportunity for the Parliament and the Assembly to adopt ‘transformative reforms designed to expand the opportunities for citizens to connect with their governments’ ( Carman 2006 : 4). One such reform, which was associated with aims of increased access and openness, was the introduction of petitions systems in the new legislatures. Drawing on case studies from the devolved level, this article explores one of the less researched non‐traditional forms of participation to examine how and what petitions can contribute to social policy. In particular, it seeks to explore the extent to which petitions systems challenge or replicate existing inequalities; what voices and interests they enable to be heard; and what impact they can have on social policy and social policies.     

Democratic Deficit in the ACT: Is the Citizen Initiated Referendum a Solution?

Hopeful of bringing citizens closer to government decision‐making Gary Humphries recently presented the Community Referendum Bill 2002 to the ACT Legislative Assembly. The Citizen Initiated Referendum has many staunch advocates however this paper considers whether CIR is an appropriate solution to perceived democratic deficits in the ACT or anywhere else in Australia. The paper canvasses a number of pitfalls of CIR. These include: their potential to aggravate rather than ameliorate the democratic deficit; the problems associated with under‐deliberation; and potentially detrimental consequences for existing electoral arrangements. Specifically, CIR could engender voter fatigue, reduce the salience of elections and exacerbate levels of ungovernability and accountability, all of which are known to turn people off politics and voting.     

两大历史性转变 六十年中国道路

新中国成立60年以来,中国人民在中国共产党的领导下,艰辛探索,实现了两大历史性转变:一是实现了从新民主主义到社会主义的历史性大转变,建立了社会主义基本制度;二是开辟了一条能够使中国成为富强、民主、文明、和谐的现代化国家的中国特色社会主义道路。     

Courtship,sex and poverty: illegitimacy in eighteenth-century Wales

This article sheds new light on illegitimacy in eighteenth-century Britain through an analysis of evidence from 36 parishes across the former Welsh counties Montgomeryshire and Radnorshire. Quantitative analysis of illegitimacy ratios demonstrates that levels were significantly higher in certain, but not all, parts of Wales in the eighteenth century. This evidence is considered in relation to explanatory frameworks used in the analysis of English data, which attempt to account for rising levels through cultural changes that influenced premarital sexual behaviour, and economic opportunities created by industrialization. Welsh evidence appears to present a challenge to these understandings in two key ways: Wales was linguistically different and lacked certain cultural markers which some historians have associated with an eighteenth-century ‘sexual revolution’, and because the highest levels of illegitimacy were found in agricultural regions of Wales which experienced little or no industrial change. It is argued that Welsh illegitimacy was influenced by a combination of courtship-led marriage customs, a decline in traditional forms of social control and worsening economic circumstances which, on closer examination, appear remarkably similar to London. This analysis provides further evidence that illegitimacy in eighteenth-century Britain was a deeply complex phenomenon governed by diverse regionally specific social and economic influences.     

我国根本的行政领导制度是首长负责制而不是民主集中制--与《政治学学科综合水平》全国统考指南有关作者商榷

民主集中制是人民代表大会等权力机关对行政机关的根本领导制度,而不是行政机关本身的根本领导制度。在我国行政机关内部,现行宪法规定的首长负责制,是一种根本性和主导性的领导制度,它既不是民主集中制的具体形式,也不是与民主集中制相关的集体领导和个人分工负责相结合制度的具体形式,后两者是配合行政首长负责制的领导制度。行政首长负责制与党组在行政机关的领导作用不是互相否定、互不相容的两种领导制度。     

大历史视野中的社会主义和谐社会建设

由于复杂的理论和实践原因,大历史视野和大历史格局遭到国内外许多学者的忽视和鄙弃。笔者认为,在社会主义和谐社会建设中,大历史视野和大历史格局依然是重要的思维和研究方法。运用这一方法建设社会主义和谐社会,必须打破西方中心主义,从东方中国国情和特色出发,巩固和完善以公有制为主体、多种所有制共同发展的经济结构和社会主义市场经济体制,中国共产党一党执政、民主党派多党参政的政治结构,在价值观念领域坚持马克思主义的主导地位,培养全体公民、特别是社会公职人员对于宪法和法律的忠诚与信仰,逐步把公民民主权利落到实处。     

坚定不移地走中国特色社会主义政治发展道路

中国特色社会主义政治发展道路,在理论层面是党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国的有机统一,实践层面或制度载体是人民代表大会制度等四项政治制度。这是我国社会主义民主政治的特点和优势,实践证明是行之有效、富有生命力的。党的十七大明确解答了在当代中国发展社会主义民主政治必须走什么路的问题,并作了具体部署,意义十分重大。继续沿着这条正确道路走下去,我国民主政治建设一定能够取得新的更大的成就。     

'The Tip of the Ice Berg': Children's Complaints and Advocacy in Wales--An Insider View from Complaints Officers

This paper is based on findings of a Welsh Assembly Governmentfunded review of children’s independent advocacy servicesin Wales with reference to their involvement in complaints madeby children, or by their parents or carers on their behalf,about local authority social services. It draws, primarily,upon qualitative interviews with local authority children’scomplaints officers, whose task is to receive complaints orconcerns, field these to appropriate social services staff,maintain oversight of their progression and keep complainantsinformed of developments. The paper describes the challengesthat complaints officers perceive children encounter in movingcomplaints forward, especially in a context where independentadvocacy services are involved and where these services areviewed with some suspicion by social services staff. It suggeststhat complaints officers play a pivotal part in managing thesometimes contested and complex interface between service providerand child and may do so from a position of limited authorityand influence. The role of complaints officers in engaging withcomplainants and their advocates, and with those colleaguesimplicated in complaints, has rarely been the topic of research.This paper provides accounts from these key staff that helpilluminate the tensions and difficulties that can enter thechildren’s complaints process.     

Followership,deity and leadership

Two questions are addressed in this article: 1. Why are people attracted to leaders? 2. How are leaders' images construed? The first question is analyzed by using the concept of “deity” as a frame of reference for an “ideal model” of leadership. God as a “screen of projections” can satisfy the believer's fundamental needs and desires, as well as serving as a reference for causal attributions and a provider of transcendental meaning. Using Construal Level Theory (CLT) (Libermann & Trope, 1998), deity, as a frame of reference, also facilitates analysis of the second question. This analysis explains universal principles underlying the leadership construal, and the psychological principles and culture‐bound processes relevant to construing different images of leadership in different collectives.     

Breaking the mould: new trajectories in the domiciliary care of older people in Ireland

This article reviews the development of domiciliary care services for older people in Ireland over the last decade. It reveals three central developments, namely (i) the first steps, in the Irish context, towards a quasi-market; (ii) the introduction of cash-for-care and the subsequent notable segmentation of care tasks among three provider groups; and (iii) a rapidly increasing reliance on for-profit private home care providers. The authors conclude that while the Irish social care regime is still anchored in important ways in the primacy of informal (family) care and the subsidiarity principle, it has broken path-dependency by evolving towards an increasingly complex mix of public, not-for-profit and for-profit provision and financing. The most policy-relevant aspect of this new constellation is the lack of a regulatory framework that would enable the State to monitor the multiple and diverse providers with the view to ensuring the quality of home care services.     

20世纪40年代中原“半拉报”现象解析--以《阵中日报》和《正义报》为例

20世纪40年代，中原地区部分报纸的主要版面代表统治阶级的立场观点，副刊却在一定程度上表达了民主进步的思想，这种副刊与正刊背道而驰的状态被称作“半拉报”。“半拉报”现象在中原两次出现，有着深厚的社会背景与历史原因。政治势力之间的角逐与力量消长，酝酿了相关文化的生存环境；作家兼报人的责任意识，打造了传播进步文化与民主诉求的阵地；历史文化的积淀融入独特的区域氛围，成就了个性鲜明的表达方式。     

Mediated Political Communication in Australia: leading issues,new evidence

New 2007 survey data on political communication is used to study the relation between commercial and ABC/SBS television consumption and Australian political and civic culture. The first section outlines the demographic characteristics of viewers who rely, respectively, for their news and current affairs, on commercial as compared with public service television. This is followed by a profile of popular views on the concentration of media ownership in Australia. The paper then shows that levels of trust in other people are higher for those who rely on public service television. Similarly, knowledge about basic constitutional facts is shown to be positively related to a preference for public service television news consumption. The same holds for civic engagement. The conclusions imply that Australians generally favour stronger public interest regulation of commercial television broadcasting. The conclusion explains that media regulation in Australia generally lags behind public preferences for a more explicitly democratic regulatory regime.     

The role of Spain and the Spanish in the creation of Europe's transnational democratic political culture, 1840–70

During the mid-nineteenth century European radicals developed contacts, relationships and networks. They organized activities and plans and propagated discourses and projects that transcended national borders. This article explores this transnational dimension of European democracy by analysing the case of Spain from around 1840, when the first Spanish self-proclaimed democrats began to organize, to the 1870s, when a certain national withdrawal took place among European democratic activists. It examines the journeys and contacts made by Spanish democrats as well as the extensive coverage of leading European activists that was published in Spanish newspapers, and considers how these connections were perceived by Spanish democratic activists. It is argued that contacts and networks contributed to configure a European democratic transnational political culture characterized by interrelations, exchanges and processes of cross-fertilization, through which the feeling of belonging to a national democratic community co-existed with a strong link to a wider European democratic family. The speeches, manifestos and projects of activists of various origins affected and greatly influenced each other, as well as shaping their socio-political views and strategic options.     

牟宗三的中西文化观论析

牟宗三从“道德的心”这个文化生命“本原形态”出发,对中西文化进行阐释和抉发。他认为,中西文化系统是两个完全不同的系统。在西学东渐冲击下,对中国传统文化“破”后如何去“立”的问题,他提出了一条更加注重开出科学和民主的“新外王”文化发展之路。他的关于文化和文化发展的观点在一定程度上对我国当前文化和民主建设具有现实的指导意义。     

US family-leave policy: the legacy of 'separate spheres'

Family-leave policy in the USA is essentially regulatory, providing for work–family supports that are unpaid and otherwise relatively limited in substance and scope. Using a path-dependency informed analysis of policy developments from the 1920s through the 1990s, I argue that these central defining qualities stem from government involvement beginning in the first part of the 20th century in helping the private sector to construct what I theorize was a 'precursor' work–family benefits system. During this period, the government was developing a general approach toward the growing numbers of working women that was based largely on traditional ideas ('separate spheres') about women's roles. Separate spheres influenced the way that the growing numbers of working women were viewed within the initial work–family benefits system, and I argue that this approach has carried over into the more recent family-leave policy debates, helping to explain the key features of present-day policy.     

Promoting Individual and Social Changes: A Hybrid Model of Social Work with Groups

Taking as a starting point two influential, yet different approaches in group work, that is, the self-directed group work and mutual aid models, this article examines a possible alternative for conducting social work with groups. Drawing from structuration theory, which makes a strong dialectical relation between agency and structure possible, this article highlights how our alternative model could lead to a greater integration of the micro- and macrodimensions in group-work practice. The Discussion section proposes three key principles for group work, namely, a belief in people’s strengths and capacities, a focus on critical thinking, and a concern for the development of a democratic culture in groups. These principles are conveyed through the group worker’s roles as consciousness raiser and process facilitator and provide a flexible and participatory process that can be used with a broad range of service-user groups. The article concludes with a discussion on the strengths and limitations of the model.     

陶行知民主教育思想及其对我国教育改革的启示

民主教育思想是陶行知重要的教育思想之一。中国传统文化是陶行知民主教育思想产生的土壤,中国近代教育思潮是陶行知民主教育思想成长的甘露,近现代西方教育思想是陶行知民主教育思想升华的有机肥料。陶行知民主教育思想的精神实质是以人为本、以民为贵,促进人的自由、平等和全面发展。他主张通过教育为公以达到天下为公,通过民主教育以实现真正的民主,并尽量发挥大家的创造力。陶行知民主教育思想开我国"教育公平"的先河,对我国当代教育改革具有重要价值。     

论市场经济中的文化创新

市场经济决不仅仅是一种单纯的经济行为,而是一种新的经济制度确立和完善的过程,它内蕴着深刻的文化前提和条件,预示着一种文化的创新.因为经济腾飞须有文化前提,文化繁荣须靠经济动力.市场经济中的文化具有三方面共同特点1.公平竞争观念;2.民主法制观念;3.创新开拓意识.市场经济不仅是新文化生长的基础,而且它本身就是新文化精神的实现.