城市老年人贫困程度的探讨

根据全国第五次人口普查的结果，中国城乡60岁以上的老年人已经达到了1．3亿，已经占到了全国总人口的10％以上，我们的国家已经进入了老龄型人口的社会。城乡老年人口比例的增加，老年人的问题也正在成为整个社会关注的问题。从年龄上讲，人们普遍地认为中国城乡的老年人是一个弱势群体，然而人们更应当关注的是处于贫困状态下的老年人，关注贫困的规模、贫困的程度。目前，城市中居住的非农业户口的贫困老年人已经被纳入到最低生活保障的救助制度内，虽然，这一制度并没有涵盖城市中农业户口的老年人以及广大农村地区贫困的老年人。然而，即使对于在城市居住的非农业户口的贫困老年人来说，救助的力度是否充分并及时到位，对于改善处于贫困中老年人的状况也具有十分现实的意义。本文将根据中国老龄科研中心2000年调查和1992年调查数据分析的基础上，探讨中国城乡老年人中贫困的变化情况，为救助贫困老年人的社会介入提供参考。     

全国城乡贫困老年人状况调查研究项目总报告（上）

编者按：根据全国老龄工作委员会第四次全体会议精神，全国老龄委办公室成立“全国城乡贫困老年人状况调查研究课题组”，于2002年开始组织实施了全国城乡贫困老年人状况调查项目，2003年在各地提交的调查数据     

城乡分割视野下残疾人的就业现状、成因 及其差异效应

城乡残疾人的就业,事关全面建成小康社会目标的实现,厘清城乡残疾人就业率系统差异是重要前提。基于第五轮"中国居民收入调查"数据,采用Probit模型分析显示已婚、自评健康良好、未参与最低生活保障、具备党员身份的男性残疾人比其他残疾人群体就业状况更好。但农村残疾人潜在工作经验就业回报的效应强于对城镇残疾人的作用;城镇残疾人群的教育和最低生活保障就业效应存在显著的性别差异,但在农村残疾人群上述变量的性别差异效应不显著。因此,应积极制定差异化的城乡人力资本政策,加强对城乡残疾居民就业的政治引导和社会支持,健全城乡残疾人全面康复服务保障,完善城乡残疾人最低生活保障制度。     

精准扶贫背景下贫困地区农村养老问题研究

中国已进入老龄化社会,人口老龄化问题引发了一系列社会问题,贫困农村地区的养老问题更加特殊和复杂。在精确扶贫政策背景下,贫困农村地区的养老问题直接影响到精准扶贫的效果。当前,我国农村贫困地区老年人在经济生活、生活保健和心理健康方面仍存在一些问题,有必要建立以家庭养老和多种养老方式为基础的制度,关注农村贫困地区老年人的心理状况,在精准扶贫的政策背景下实现"精准助老"。     

农村重度残疾人家庭照料负担及政策支持研究

沉重的家庭照料负担极易导致农村重度残疾人家庭陷入致贫返贫风险.对河北、河南、山东、湖北及广东等地428个农村重度残疾家庭的调查显示,家庭成员是重度残疾人最主要的照料者,以提供生活照料为主.农村重度残疾人家庭不仅面临着医疗康复等客观负担、照料者的精神负担和心理压力,还面临着因照料重度残疾人所产生的机会成本.当前,农村重度残疾人照料负担的社会分担机制存在着明显的短板.为巩固拓展残疾人脱贫攻坚成果,防止贫困边缘群体返贫,需要大力整合残疾人社会救助、老年福利及扶贫政策资源,扩大集中托养服务覆盖面,开展照料者照料知识和技能培训,构建照料负担的多元参与分担机制.     

贫困山区贫困老年人现状调查与启示

切实关心农村贫困老年人的利益，关注他们的生存状况，是社会主义新农村建设中的重要环节，也是社会文明程度、和谐状况及社会发展水平的具体反映。我们深入云南的两个山区贫困县，对816名贫困老人进行了调查，涉及到老人的性别、年龄、民族、文化程度、经济状况、健康表现、养老情况和主要困难等方方面面，提出了几点粗浅建议，希望能引起各级政府和社会各界对贫困山区老年人的关注和扶助。     

中国相对贫困的标准建构与测度——基于2021年四川专题调查CSSCI

建立统一的相对贫困标准是治理相对贫困的前提。文章从主观和客观两个方面纳入收入、教育、健康、住房、就业、社会保障、生活水平、主观态度8个维度共17个指标,通过A-F法设定双临界值,建构中国相对贫困的标准和识别体系。运用2021年四川专题调查实证考察相对贫困,发现:无论k取何值,农村家庭的多维相对贫困指数、多维相对贫困发生率和平均剥夺份额均高于城镇家庭;从维度和指标分解的结果来看,贡献率较高的是教育维度的成人受教育年限、收入维度的人均可支配收入和就业维度的劳动力就业状态。文章建议:及时建立统一的相对贫困标准;建立识别相对贫困的管理信息系统;选择试点省区对相对贫困标准与识别体系开展先行试点;实施综合导向的相对贫困治理策略。     

“空巢”老人高楼抛孙,谁怜疯狂背后的孤独

[新闻背景]全国老龄办发布《中国城乡老年人口状况追踪调查》显示,近年来,我国儿女不在老人身边和老年人单独居住的家庭比例显著增加。2006年,我国城市地区的纯老户(空巢户)为49.7%。中国老龄科学研究中心主任张恺悌介绍,近年来,城市和农村空巢老人的比例都有较快增长,这成为我国城市化进程中一个亟须解决的问题。2009年8月6日,湖南株洲。一位     

当代中国城乡关系的实证研究

十年前发轫于农村的改革,促成了农村生产力的大解放,奠定了随后的城市改革的基础,并开始动摇建国30年以牺牲农业支撑工业发展的城乡关系格局。但是,随着改革的全盘展开,长期城乡隔绝形成的二元社会结构的矛盾,在一度缓解后终因损失到业已“贵族化”的城市既得利益又出现强化趋势,这种局面已经阻滞了全局范围改革的逻辑和现实的进程。国际经验表明,城乡关系的状况在很大程度上决定着一个国家工业化、城市化和社会现代化的整体目标和道路选择。改革中出现的许多困难和矛盾应该到城乡关系中去求解。     

湖南省解决农村贫困重度残疾人托养照护问题的实践与启示

解决农村贫困重度残疾人照护问题,既是党和政府的明确要求,也是残疾人和家属的热切期盼.湖南省农村贫困重度残疾人托养照护专项实践的主要启示:一是照护服务能有效改善农村重度残疾人生活质量和巩固脱贫攻坚成果;二是规划部署和经费配置是解决照顾问题的关键所在;三是"家庭自付+村社支持+政府补贴"的付费方式在实践中具有可行性和可持续性;四是农村地区需要优先发展保障急需的基本生活照护和寄宿照护服务,需要根据残疾人生活自理能力和家庭照护能力精准提供适合的照护服务.建议将"优先重点解决城乡低收入重度残疾人照护问题"纳入"十四五"规划及政府实事工程任务,加快建立以家庭照护为基础、社会化照护为支持、集中照护为补充的重度残疾人照护服务体系,完善以生活自理能力和家庭照护能力为核心指标的优先保障对象精准识别机制,通过"两补提标"、建立家庭照护和集中照护机构统一认定制度、评价制度和支持机制,完善残疾人帮扶机制.     

Back and Forth and Beyond

The Journal invited Tom Andersen, author of major pioneering work on the reflecting team, and his colleagues, to offer comment on The Reflecting Team Process in Training. We thought such a north-south dialogue was in keeping with the spirit of reflecting teams, and the team members in Melbourne and Tromsø agree — Editor.     

Time and aging--mechanisms and meanings

A recent European Molecular Biology Laboratory Conference on Science and Society entitled "Time & Aging--Mechanisms & Meanings" fascinated scientists from different research areas as well as nonscientists. Topics discussed included not only the biological aging process but also the psychological effects of aging and social influences that affect this process.     

Arts and Crafts and Reconstruction

Abstract

This paper examines the role of arts and crafts in reconstructing communities after times of upheaval, their use in creating employment opportunities, and their impact on the nature of South African art history. It looks at craft initiatives during and after the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, and draws parallels with early twentieth-century initiatives, particularly those of Florence Phillips, who founded the Johannesburg Art Gallery in 1910, Emily Hobhouse, who established Boer home industries, and the South African National Union, which promoted the manufacture and use of local products.     

Sexual Compulsivity and Sexual Behaviors Among Gay and Bisexual Men and Lesbian and Bisexual Women

Within the existing body of research, the information pertaining to sexual compulsivity (SC) among women, both homo- and heterosexual, remains rather limited in comparison to men. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SC in a community sample of gay and bisexual men and lesbian and bisexual women and to identify differences in sexual practices based on classification as sexually compulsive within gender. Supporting previous research, the findings indicated that gay and bisexual men were significantly higher in SC when compared to lesbian and bisexual women. Similarly, sexually compulsive gay and bisexual men were more likely to report drug use with sex than their non-sexually compulsive peers, suggesting that “party n' play” may play a larger role for men with SC. In addition, the findings demonstrated empirical support for the proposition that lesbian and bisexual women with symptoms of SC were more likely to engage in specialized sexual behaviors in comparison to their non-sexually compulsive peers. These data suggest that SC manifests differently in gay, lesbian, and bisexual men and women.     

Evening and night work schedules and children's social and emotional well-being

ABSTRACT

An emerging body of evidence shows that parents’ non-standard work schedules have a detrimental effect on children's well-being. However, only a limited number of studies have investigated mediating factors that underpin this association. Likewise, only a few studies have examined the impact of fathers’ non-standard work schedules on children's well-being. Based on data from the Families in Germany Study (FiD), this study aimed to address these research gaps. The sample consists of parents and their children at ages 7–8 and 9–10 (n?=?838 child observations in dual-earner families). The data were collected in the years 2010–2013. Non-standard work hours were defined as working in evenings and or at night (every day, several times a week, or changing as shifts). Children's social and emotional well-being was measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The findings show that both mothers’ and fathers’ evening and night work schedules are linked to an increase in children's externalizing and internalizing behavior and that this association is partially mediated by mothers’ and fathers’ harsh and strict parenting, with a stronger mediation effect for fathers parenting.     

History and the here and now

This paper explores the lesser-known histories and present-day realities of small towns and non-metropolitan areas in the internal provinces of South Africa. It is different inasmuch as it focuses on transformations that have taken place at the local level, and where possible, generalises from these, rather than following the normal route taken by social scientists – at least from 1994, which has been to examine them from the top down. One feature of such changes has been the growth of gated communicates across the length and breadth of South Africa, but there are many more. One reason for their anonymity is that their evolution has been gradual and corpuscular, that they have become unconsciously familiar and are left unexamined. Another is our collective preoccupation with the metropolitan areas rather than the smaller localities where such processes are subterranean and confined. This paper presents very briefly some of the results of the researchers of the Local Histories and Present Realities programme over the past five years, in 19 separate centres. It examines the history and present circumstance of chiefdoms of Ga-Mphahlele and reveals the surprise finding that much of recent and contemporary politics revolve around events 200 years old. An analogous situation has arisen in Venda as well as in Mpumalanga and elsewhere, where a combination of new legislation to revive chiefly powers, and land reclamation legislation have lent a new legitimacy to chiefly powers, and inspired hundreds of phantom – and time-consuming – quests. Another massive development which has gone on around us but whose internal dynamics have never been observed is the rise of game hunting and ranching all over the interior of South Africa. This is a monster subject which is likely to have influence on all of our lives into which our group is now in a position to offer insights. A change of equal proportions is the rise of mining all over the interior Bushveld Igneous Complex – Mokopane is a good example of this and the huge social consequences this has brought in its wake. One final theme which embraces all the communities that we have studied is the local histories of transformation – collectively the most important – since 1994. This is almost entirely hidden to a wider world, including the transformed positions of local Indian residents.     

Acceptance and Caregiving of Married and Divorced Custodial Mothers and Fathers

The study examined whether differences in gender and family status affect parental caregiving disposition and acceptance of children among parents of children in mid-childhood. The number of participants were 122 divorced-custodial fathers, 107 married fathers, 85 divorced-custodial mothers, and 82 married mothers (n?=?398). A comparison among four groups of parents revealed the following gender differences: mothers scored higher on anxious caregiving and parental acceptance than fathers, and lower on avoidant caregiving. Regression analysis indicated that the higher the caregiving avoidance or anxiety, the lower the parental acceptance. Family status moderated parental acceptance, as avoidant caregiving was associated with reduced parental acceptance among married parents, but not among divorced custodial parents. The finding that avoidant caregiving was not associated with reduced acceptance among divorced custodial parents implies that their parental acceptance behaviors toward their children are affected by their parental status as sole custodial parent, and the associated responsibilities, rather than by gender.