共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Roger Patulny 《Social indicators research》2011,101(2):289-293
Social trust is an important phenomenon, but the influence of important time-based measures upon trust has not been examined.
Such measures include social contact and anti-social activity, such as television watching, which allows for the co-presence
of other people. This paper reports on associations between trust and weighted means of co-present ‘social’ time (defined
as time spent in various ‘social’ activities) and co-present time spent watching television, using the Australian Time Use
Survey, 2006. It finds that trust is associated with social time spent in the co-presence of ‘strangers’ predominately from
outside the household, and that TV watching in the co-presence of ‘familiars’—friends and family—is negatively associated
with trust. 相似文献
2.
Cathy Rozel Farnworth 《Social indicators research》2009,90(1):89-106
Malagasy ‘players’—farmers, middle men, organic organisations and policy makers—see in export-orientated organic agriculture
a way for Madagascar to build upon its historic export strengths: spices, essential oils, medicinal plants and tropical fruits.
They point to the de facto organic status of most farming in the country and view organic production strategies as a means for Malagasy farmers to differentiate
their produce in the highly competitive world market (Ramboatiana and Randriamanantena 2000; Randriamanantena 1998; Vallée
2000). However, producing for the export market poses significant challenges for Malagasy farmers. Despite its apparent ‘fit’
with existing farming practice, ‘true’ certified organic practice does not necessarily offer a means towards achieving a Malagasy
farmer-defined ‘good life’. Smallholders can be disempowered through their incorporation into wider systemic relationships
whose more powerful actors—such as buyers and consumers—and their ‘rules’ about what ‘organic’ is, for example, are necessarily
unfamiliar. Yet farmers are very interested in the significant opportunities for much-needed cash that organic farming offers.
This paper argues that strengthening farmer agency, and thus their presence as actors in international food chains, can be
partially achieved if farmers are involved in devising the rules for organic and social certification. I set out eight principles
that I have developed which seem important when trying to capture and measure ‘quality of life’ for the purposes of social
certification. My theoretical and empirical work, detailed here, is set within a methodological discussion on how to best
ensure that research is ‘respondent-led’. Respondent-led research is, I argue, critical for ensuring that an understanding
of the components of ‘quality of life’, and their operationalisation as standards and indicators, is truly meaningful to the
target group.
相似文献
Cathy Rozel FarnworthEmail: |
3.
This essay examines the consequences of major social, demographic and economic trends in the United States since World War
II. These include rising women’s employment, the ‘Baby Boom’, the outlines of the so-called ‘new’ immigration, the increasing
racial and ethnic diversity deriving from that immigration, the economic contexts in which recent US immigration has occurred,
and recent technologically-induced features of global work flows that will condition immigration’s future reception and effects.
Women’s wartime work experiences, together with their economic opportunities in the ensuing decades, boosted married women’s
autonomy and domestic leverage. Rising economic prosperity encouraged marriage and family formation even as growing employment
among married women of childbearing age made having and taking care of large families more difficult. World War II also spawned
the expansion of migration to the United States, which in turn converted the country from a largely biracial society with
a sizable white majority and a small black minority into a multiracial, multiethnic society with greater racial and ethnic
boundary crossing and increasingly blurred colour lines. A major issue is whether currently changing economic conditions and
social institutions will support and strengthen such tendencies or instead weaken them. Without robust job growth, the demographic
legacy of the baby boom, which now involves ever-rising numbers of retired people, will be more difficult to support, especially
given the country’s current fiscal deficits. Greater earnings inequality and weak job growth may also poison the climate for
further immigration to the US, thus diminishing the chance that newcomers can continue contributing to the dissolution of
fault lines among racial-ethnic groups and to the resolution of periodic labour shortages. 相似文献
4.
Keera Allendorf 《Population research and policy review》2012,31(2):187-206
The role of family context in determining women’s agency has been addressed through kinship patterns, household structure,
and domestic violence. This study suggests that another aspect of family context—family relationship quality—can also influence
women’s agency. Data from the Women’s Reproductive Histories Survey, collected in Madhya Pradesh, India, are used to examine
whether family relationship quality is a determinant of women’s agency. Results show that women with higher quality relationships
with husbands and parents-in-law do have greater agency. Further, family relationship quality is just as influential as other
well known determinants of agency, including education and employment. 相似文献
5.
Subjective well-being has increasingly been used as a key indicator of quality of life in older people. Existing evidence
shows that it is likely that eastern cultures carry different life values and so the Chinese Aging Well Profile was devised
for measuring subjective well-being in Chinese adults (50+). Data was collected from 1,906 community-dwelling Chinese (50+)
in Taiwan in six sequential stages, involving qualitative interviews and psychometric testing. Seven key dimensions of subjective
well-being identified in the interviews provided an item bank for instrument construction. The 31-item Chinese Aging Well
Profile comprised seven subscales–’physical’, ‘psychological’, ‘independence’, ‘learning & growth’, ‘material’, ‘environmental’,
and ‘social’ well-being. The study indicated that elements of subjective well-being are common across western and eastern
cultures but are interpreted and weighted differently. This new instrument has demonstrated preliminary evidence for reliability
and validity and that it is suitable for use in the Chinese speaking older population. 相似文献
6.
Contraceptive Method Choice Among Youth in the United States: The Importance of Relationship Context
We examine the relationship characteristics associated with contraceptive method choice within young people’s nonmarital sexual
relationships, using data from retrospective relationship histories available in the third wave (2001–2002) of the National
Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Data-reduction techniques produce a detailed multidimensional characterization of
relationship commitment for nonmarital sexual relationships. We then use multilevel analysis to estimate associations between
two key relationship characteristics—relationship commitment and couple heterogamy—and the type of contraceptive method used
at last sexual intercourse within each relationship. Results indicate that for a given individual, contraceptive method choice
varies across relationships as a function of these characteristics, even after we account for important individual and family
characteristics and prior relationship experiences. 相似文献
7.
Australia’s low fertility rate is commonly attributed to deliberate decisions by women to avoid having children. Existing
theoretical explanations of fertility decision-making mostly view childbearing as a rational, voluntary process and focus
on the ‘costs’ to women of having children. Although this may help explain why women do not have children, it contributes
very little to understanding why women do have children. This study describes childbearing desires, expectations and outcomes
in a population-based sample of 569 30–34-years-old Australian women recruited from the Australian Electoral Roll in 2005.
Most women surveyed wanted to have children, and their childbearing outcomes were associated with biological, psychological
and social factors including the lack of a partner and adverse health conditions. The factors and their relative importance
varied by parity. Most women had fewer children than they desired, and many would have children, or more children, if their
circumstances were different. These data challenge prevailing assumptions about women’s childbearing behaviour that women
are able to choose when and if they have a child. Based on the findings, a conceptual framework of childbearing behaviour
is proposed which builds on existing theoretical explanations to explain why women do and do not have children, differences
by parity, and the role of circumstances in women’s childbearing behaviour. The findings and conceptual framework have implications
for public policies, and indicate that multiple approaches are required which are sensitive to and address the barriers women
face in family formation. 相似文献
8.
Yiengprugsawan V. Seubsman S. Khamman S. Lim L. L.-Y. Sleigh A. C. 《Social indicators research》2010,98(2):201-215
Satisfaction with life correlates with other measures of subjective wellbeing and correlates predictably with individual characteristics
and overall health. Social indicators and subjective wellbeing measures are necessary to evaluate a society and can be used
to produce national indicators of happiness. This study therefore aims to help close the gap in wellbeing data for Thailand.
The specific aims are to: (1) calculate the Thai PWI and domain scores using a large scale sample; (2) examine the level of
life satisfaction of Thais when compared to international standards; (3) examine the Thai PWI and domains in relation to demographic,
socioeconomic, and geographic characteristics. Our report derives from the findings on the Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI)
in a large national cohort of Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University adult students living all over Thailand (n = 87,134). This Thai cohort had an overall PWI of 70.0 on a scale from 0 to 100 which is consistent with Western populations.
The ‘spirituality and religion’ domain had the highest average score. ‘Standard of living’, ‘future security’ and ‘achievement
in life’ made the largest contribution to overall ‘satisfaction in life as a whole’. These domains also show a positive trend
with increasing age, being married, higher income, more education, more household assets, and rural residence. The PWI will
be an important tool for policymakers to understand the subjective wellbeing of population groups especially as Thailand is
undergoing a political and economic transition. 相似文献
9.
Time pressure is a familiar phenomenon. The quantity of spare time people have clearly effects their satisfaction with their
leisure and with their life as a whole. But so too, we show, does how much control people have over how much spare time they
have. We measure this through an indicator of ‘discretionary time’, which proves to be equally or more important than spare
time itself in these connections. 相似文献
10.
Dirk J. van de Kaa 《Journal of Population Research》1997,14(1):1-29
It is argued in this lecture that Ryder’s approach to the study of the role of the cohort in social change is too narrow.
Cohorts do not only permit change; they actively create the options succeeding cohorts have to choose from. Through its own
choice from amongst the options perceived, each cohort both limits and enriches the options of the next. It is through the
choice people make with regard to life shaping demographic events that they group themselves into ‘mental’ cohorts. The course
of demographic events in Western Europe in the postwar period is difficult to understand if one does not appreciate that these
events form a sequence. A sequence generated by the quite specific option(s) each ‘mental’ cohort, through its own choice,
created for the next. Current demographic patterns in Europe have to be interpreted in terms of differences in social and
cultural heritage of the countries concerned, and in terms of the differences in options perceived and selected. 相似文献
11.
Summary ‘Predator-foolhardiness’ (Lloyd andDybas, 1966b) in an epidemic population of the sugarcane cicada,Mogannia minuta was tested by counting the number of successful and failed trials of hand-capturing of adults in the centre and periphery
of a heavily infested area. Males frequently failed to escape from capture in the outbreak area but they did not in the peripheral
zone. Females could escape well irrespective of the density. It was considered that the ‘predator-foolhardiness’ of males
is not due to genetic differentiation through the process of outbreak but to the effect of massive chorus on the escape behaviour.
The work was supported in part by Grant-in-Aid No. 439017 from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. 相似文献
12.
Future low fertility prospects in Mongolia? An evaluation of the factors that support having a child
With 2.59 children per woman in 2008, Mongolia appears today as an exception in East Asia where fertility rates are far below
the replacement level. Moreover, from its historical nadir of 1.95 children per women in 2005, fertility is on the rise. This
paper first presents recent fertility development in Mongolia. Second, based on the experiences of European and East Asian
countries, factors contributing to the development of low fertility are discussed in reference to the Mongolian context. Most
of these factors are indeed found in Mongolia and could probably contribute to reducing fertility in the future. However,
the country also presents cultural-family practices and recently-adopted fertility-family incentives which may support and
stabilize fertility rates. These recent fertility-incentives factors and policies adopted by the Government of Mongolia are
discussed in the final part from the perspective of equity, efficiency, and efficacy proposed by McDonald (2006b, “An assessment
of policies that support having children from the perspectives of equity, efficiency and efficacy”, Vienna Yearbook of Population
Research 2006, Special issue on ‘Postponement of childbearing on Europe’, 213–234). The aim is to determine if these measures
are efficient to counterbalance and cancel out the depressing fertility effects. 相似文献
13.
This study examines if the Korean fertility decline is driven by long-term cohort changes or by fluctuating period changes.
By using a classic age–period–cohort model, a moment decomposition method, and a new summary fertility measure—‘cross-sectional
average fertility’—I show that the Korean fertility decline is primarily driven by period changes and that delayed childbearing
has important consequences for the onset of fertility decline. These findings are in line with the existing literature in
fertility changes such as theories of fertility transitions and sociological accounts of fertility changes in Western countries
in the twentieth century. The policy implications of these findings are also discussed. 相似文献
14.
This paper examines the ‘what’, ‘why’ and ‘how’ of employee well-being. Beginning with the ‘what’ of well-being, the construct
of mental health was explored with the aim of building a model of employee well-being. It was proposed that employee well-being
consists of three core components: (1) subjective well-being; (2) workplace well-being and (3) psychological well-being. Following
this, the ‘why’ of employee well-being was investigated; that is, why employee well-being should be an important matter for
organisations. It was argued that employee well-being is an important precursor to organisational well-being, as indicated
by its links to employee turnover and performance. The next section was concerned with the ‘how’ of employee well-being; that
is, how well-being can be reliably enhanced. Drawing on two models of strengths and a practice model of psychological assessment,
it was asserted that strength-based development can reliably enhance employee well-being. A solid framework for understanding
and measuring employee well-being is offered in the hope that it will foster a more integrated approach to assessing and optimising
employee well-being.
相似文献
Dianne A. Vella-BrodrickEmail: |
15.
The article provides an overview of the development of the field of time use studies. It provides an intellectual history
charting the various interests that have shaped the growing applications of this broad social indicator. Recent applications,
reflected in this special issue, are (a) interpreting the meaning of leisure, time; (b) the social and environmental consequences
of affluence; and (c) non-market work, parenting and balance between work and family. New approaches to trends in average
leisure time have attempted to interpret the impact of social and technological change on the meaning of leisure. These approaches
suggest that the ‘economic emergence of women’ rather than the ‘IT revolution’ has been the more influential trend and that
being ‘busy’ may have replaced conspicuous idleness as the signifier of social status. These new forms of social organization
in advanced societies have also attracted a great deal of research on children’s use of time, parenting and work-family balance.
An important new application for time-use information has been in the study of ‘diseases of affluence’, the health consequences
of increasing sedentary activities, and over-eating, the environmental consequences of consumerism, all of which leads to
the need to reassess the economic significance of activities that occur beyond the market. A special feature of this article
is an extensive review of approaches to valuation (in dollars and cents) of the outputs of unpaid (non-market) work. The article
provides a framework for what activities it makes sense to value and the current ideas about ‘best practice’ methods of valuation. 相似文献
16.
Berend Aukema 《Researches on Population Ecology》1995,37(1):105-110
A review of data on the background of wing dimorphism in carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and especially of the closely
relatedCalathus cinctus andC. melanocephalus is given. In bothCalathus species wing dimorphism is inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion with the brachypterous condition dominant, but inC. melanocephalus the expression of the long winged genotype is under environmental control as well. The development of long winged phenotypes
in the latter species is favoured by relatively favourable environmental conditions, such as high temperatures and a high
food-supply. The higher fecundity of the larger and heavier long winged females of both species may compensate for losses
of long winged phenotypes by flight activities. The evolutionary significance of both types of inheritance is discussed in
relation to dispersal. The ‘fixed type’ as found inC. cinctus is considered an opportunistic short term ‘between sites strategy’, whereas the ‘dynamic type’ ofC. melanocephalus represents a flexible long term ‘within sites strategy’. 相似文献
17.
Gregory Ponthiere 《Social indicators research》2007,84(2):203-230
Whereas period life expectancy constitutes an intuitive indicator of the survival conditions prevailing at a particular period,
this paper argues that, given the existence of welfare interdependencies, that widespread indicator is nonetheless an incomplete
measure of the longevity achievements relevant for human well-being. The central importance of coexistence for human-beings
implies that usual life expectancy measures should be complemented by joint life expectancy indicators, which measure the
average coexistence time under particular survival conditions. After a study of the theoretical foundations of ‘single’ and
‘joint’ life expectancy indicators, it is shown that joint life expectancy measures tend to enrich significantly the comparison
of longevity achievements across countries and periods. Moreover, the introduction of joint life expectancy indicators—as
a complement to conventional life expectancy measures—into multi-variable indexes such as the United Nations’ HDI is also
shown to affect international rankings of standards of living to a non negligible extent.
相似文献
Gregory PonthiereEmail: |
18.
Alison Mackinnon 《Journal of Population Research》2000,17(2):109-123
This paper considers several policy responses to declining birth rates in Australia over the twentieth century, revealing
key continuities in the ‘administration of population’. Early in the century pronatalist policies to enhance fertility predominated.
In spite of evidence in the 1890s, 1920s and 1940s that economics shaped family sizes and that women’s lives included paid
work, little acknowledgment of this occurred outside wartime. In the second half of the twentieth century, immigration largely
replaced pronatalism as a desired means of building population numbers. Century’s end brought new concerns about fertility
decline, an ageing population, immigration and increased asylum seeking. These concerns revitalized the call for a population
policy and raised unresolved questions for women.
This expression comes from Mr Ozanne, speaker in the Commonwealth House of Representatives debate on the Maternity Allowance
Bill, 1912, Australia, Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates, 3412. He spoke of ‘women doing their duty to Australia by bringing
the unclothed immigrant into the world’. 相似文献
19.
Yaghoob Foroutan 《Journal of Population Research》2008,25(1):63-90
Giving the central focus to ‘religious affiliation’ which ‘was once at the forefront of demographic research (McQuillan 2004:
25), this paper examines the association between religion and women’s market employment. Generally speaking, gender characteristics
such as high fertility and low employment levels for Muslim women in both intracountry and worldwide comparisons have been
asserted in an extensive literature. The context, method and comparison groups of this study provide the opportunity to examine
the longstanding debate as to whether religionper se or other determinants explain such gender characteristics in Islamic settings. It is, however, acknowledged that the present
study faces limitations mainly associated with the selectivity of migrants. Using logistic regression and the multicultural
context of Australia containing a substantially diverse ethnic composition of Muslims, this paper highlights Muslim/non-Muslim
employment differentials. The paper also analyses the employment level of Muslim women across the regions of origin representing
various contexts in order to provide empirical evidence to examine the above debate. 相似文献
20.
Chang-Ming Hsieh 《Social indicators research》2008,87(1):127-137
This article seeks to extend Michalos’ [Social indicators research and health-related quality of life (QoL) research. Social Indicators Research, 65, 27–72, 2004] discussion on bridging social indicators research and health-related QoL (HRQoL) research through an examination
of (1) the relative importance of satisfaction with one’s own health to another common measure of QoL—Life satisfaction, and
(2) the relative importance of health in relation to other major life domains. Using data from two surveys, this article found
that individuals may perceive health as most important in relation to other major life domains but satisfaction with one’s
own health may not necessarily be the most important determining factor (in relation to satisfaction with other major life
domains) of QoL as measured by life satisfaction. These findings support Michalos’ (Social indicators research and HRQoL research.
Social Indicators Research, 65, 27–72, 2004) call for caution regarding the interpretation of research results on HRQoL since many HRQoL measures are measures
of satisfaction with one’s own health and should not be considered as measures of QoL. 相似文献