跨国公司海外子公司的三个理论流派比较研究

本文通过国外子公司相关理论的回顾,首次在国内对跨国公司海外子公司三个理论流派—— 母子公司关系学派、子公司角色学派及子公司发展学派进行了比较研究,进而探讨了跨国公司海外子公司理论的发展趋势。     

基于软环境视角的跨国公司内部知识转移影响因素研究

为了探求软环境视角下跨国公司内部母子公司之间双向知识转移的影响因素,本文构建出包含知识本体因素、子公司自身因素和母子公司之间关系因素三构面的整合模型,提出相应理论假设,并以跨国公司在华子公司为样本进行问卷调研和统计分析。实证结果表明,知识的复杂性,在华子公司中外派人员能力、培训措施和知识存量价值,以及母子公司之间正式整合机制、信任水平和组织距离对跨国公司内部母子公司之间双向知识转移具有显著影响。     

逆向创新有助于提升子公司权力和跨国公司的当地公民行为吗?——基于大型跨国公司在华子公司的实证研究

来自发展中国家的逆向创新对跨国公司全球创新产生了深远影响。现有研究多立足于发达国家跨国公司视角探讨逆向创新所创造的收益,但却未对逆向创新如何影响跨国公司在发展中国家的当地公民行为、推动当地经济的发展给予充分关注。本文依据资源依赖理论,探讨了逆向创新对子公司权力产生影响的认同效应和竞争效应,并利用121家大型跨国公司中国子公司的多被访者调研数据(一家公司有多个被访者)检验了逆向创新、子公司权力与跨国公司当地公民行为之间的关系。研究发现:逆向创新对子公司权力有显著的正向影响,母子公司创新整合正向调节逆向创新与子公司权力之间的关系;子公司权力又进一步对当地公民行为产生显著的积极影响,政治联系在上述二者之间的关系中扮演着正向的调节作用。     

母子公司关系网络影响子公司创业的内在机理——基于海信集团的案例研究

针对理论上关于母子公司关系网络作用于子公司创业的内在机理尚缺乏更细致的解释的现实,基于海信集团的访谈、问卷及公开数据本文对此进行了案例剖析。研究认为,在母子公司关系网络内,子公司的网络嵌入性对子公司创业有重要的影响;联合价值创造和价值攫取在网络嵌入性对子公司创业影响中具有中介效应;子公司自主权在子公司网络嵌入性对子公司创业的影响中具有调节效应。在此之上,构建了母子公司关系网络影响子公司创业内在机理的理论模型,并指出未来理论研究应重点关注"母子公司关系网络内外部环境作用于子公司创业的内在机理"、"母子公司关系网络规模对子公司创业的影响"与"基于双层治理理念的母子公司关系网络治理机制设计"三方面内容。     

基于股权比重的企业集团内母子公司之间信用风险传递研究

近年来,企业集团成为各商业银行争相贷款的对象.但是,一些大企业集团相继出现财务危机,给商业银行造成了巨大的贷款风险.由于企业集团内部母子公司之间,存在以股权为主要联结纽带的关系,导致母子公司之间的信用风险传递更加紧密,从而增加了评估企业集团信用风险的复杂性.本文在结构化模型的框架下,首先分析母子公司价值之间的相关性与母公司持有子公司股权比重之间的联系,然后通过母子公司价值之间的相关性与母公司持有子公司股权比重之间的联系,分析母子公司之间信用风险传递与它们股权之间的关系.研究发现,存在母公司持有子公司的一个股权比重,使得母子公司之间信用风险传递的可能性最大.     

企业集团母子公司管控的三种模式

在新型的母子公司关系框架下,如何进行科学的组织结构设计和有效的控制,使母子公司的结构能够有效率地运转?随着经济发展和企业规模不断扩大,母子公司体制逐渐成为重要的组织形式。母子公司关系的出现引发了母公司对子公司的控制和管理问题。经典管理理论中,组织结构、组织设计思想和管理控制系统,着重于研究企业内部的组织管理与控制,而母子公司的出现及其控制和管理是一个新课题,因为母公司与子公司在法律意义上是完全独立的法人实体,双方在法律上是各自独立、平等的,母公司只是通过资本或行政性的控制权与子公司相     

基于演化博弈模型的企业集团母子公司治理研究

母子公司治理是企业集团治理的核心问题,集团内母子公司相互联系又相对独立的关系产生了新的治理问题,成为影响企业集团发挥整体优势的难题。本文运用演化博弈分析模型,充分考虑治理的动态性及子公司能动性对治理的影响,研究企业集团治理中母公司对子公司监督策略选择与子公司策略选择的互动机制,并对影响该系统演化过程稳定的重要因素进行分析,为解决企业集团母子公司间委托代理问题提供一种新的思路。研究结果表明博弈过程在3种情况下存在演化稳定策略,而不存在最优的稳定策略。通过设计合理的激励机制,如在对子公司的激励中引入提成比与子公司为集团创造收益正相关的业绩提成报酬、增加处罚力度、采取定期或不定期抽查等方式,可影响母子公司策略选择的调整速度,使博弈向(集团利益最大化、不监督)的策略演化,促进母子公司之间建立起一种互信互利的良好关系,增加集团整体收益,发挥企业集团的整体优势。     

跨国公司在华子公司战略演变的动因与路径

跨国公司如何制定其在华子公司战略以及战略如何演变已经成为跨国公司研究领域的重要问题.以当地化、一体化为框架,分别对跨国公司战略、跨国公司海外子公司战略及其演变进行研究,以此为基础展开对世界500强在华子公司的问卷调查,研究发现,跨国公司在华子公司可以分为积极型、自主型、接受型和静止型4种类型,同时存在稳定型、成长型、退化型和波动型4种演变路径,76.7%的跨国公司在华子公司具有稳定型或成长型的演变路径.跨国公司在华子公司战略角色演变受子公司选择、母公司决策和环境驱动三方面因素的影响,母公司决策使母子公司一体化程度提高,子公司选择使子公司当地化程度提高,而环境变动对子公司战略角色的影响方向不确定.     

管理者关系特性对海外子公司知识获取及公司绩效的影响研究

基于组织学习理论和社会资本理论,考察了管理者关系特性对海外子公司内外部网络知识获取和企业绩效的影响。研究结果显示,母子公司管理者之间的信任和沟通频率对获取母公司知识有正向影响,海外子公司管理者和本地重要企业管理者之间的信任对获取本地商务知识有正向影响,海外子公司管理者和本地政府主要负责人之间的私人关系对获取本地制度知识有显著影响。此外,本地制度知识在母公司知识对海外子公司绩效的影响中起正向调节作用,本地商务知识起负向调节作用。     

跨国公司人员派遣与知识流动的关系探讨——基于跨国公司在沪子公司的实证研究

将跨国公司知识流动影响因素的研究视角置于母公司对子公司的组织控制机制这一新兴领域,主要关注跨国公司的人员派遣与知识流动之间的关系.以跨国公司在沪的129个子公司为样本进行了问卷调查,实证结果表明在中国上海这样一个情境下,跨国公司的人员派遣对其知识流动有重要的影响,尤其是高层管理人员的派遣能够显著提高跨国公司的知识流动水平.     

跨国公司逆向知识转移研究述评

知识在跨国公司内的转移是其建立竞争优势的关键,因而跨国公司知识转移一直是学者们研究的主题。经过了传统正向知识转移、水平知识转移2个热点后,近几年逆向知识转移开始成为学者的关注焦点。从多个视角系统地梳理了逆向知识转移研究的相关成果,指出了相关研究的发展脉络并探讨了未来的研究方向,以期为后续研究提供参考。     

Short-term international assignments. Military perspectives and implications for international human resource management

Short-term international assignments have been under-explored in international human resource management (IHRM) literature and research. Equally, there is a dearth of studies on international mobility beyond multinational corporations. Drawing on an exploratory study of short-term international assignments in the Irish Defence Forces, this paper considers the implications for IHRM.     

International Diversity Management: Global Ideals and Local Responses

While the concern with demographic diversity in organizations has increased during recent years, international diversity management still remains an understudied area. This is unfortunate since the transfer of diversity management practices within multinational corporations faces particular challenges in balancing between global integration and local responsiveness. The aim of this paper is to illustrate some of the central problems that multinational corporations need to deal with when transferring diversity management practices from headquarters to local subsidiaries. This is illustrated by the results of an ethnographic field study on Danish expatriates in a Saudi subsidiary. Implications of the findings are discussed in detail.     

Marketing mix standardization in multinational corporations: A review of the evidence

This paper reports the findings of a systematic review of literature on marketing mix standardization in multinational corporations. The objective is to extract and synthesize ‘best evidence’ regarding marketing mix standardization practices in multinational corporations and to identify evidence regarding the performance impact of marketing mix standardization. Beyond relevance to an academic audience, this review could be useful for management practitioners in multinationals seeking to integrate operations across borders. In this context, the paper seeks to make a contribution to evidence based policy and practice.     

Similarity,Isomorphism or Duality? Recent Survey Evidence on the Human Resource Management Policies of Multinational Corporations

There is considerable debate as to the determinants of the human resource policies of human resource management: do they reflect national institutional or cultural realities, emerging common global practices, parent country effects or the dual effects of transnational and national realities? We use an extensive international database to explore these differences, assessing variations in a range of human resource practices. We find new evidence of national differences in the manner in which indigenous firms manage their people, but also evidence of a similarity in practice amongst multinational corporations. In other words, multinational corporations tend to manage their human resources in ways that are distinct from those of their host country; at the same time, country of origin effects seem relatively weak. Whilst there is some evidence of common global practices, sufficient diversity in practice persists to suggest that duality theories may provide the most appropriate explanation.     

Does China receive more regional FDI than gravity would suggest?

It is an empirical regularity that the activities of multinational corporations are concentrated in their home region. This has been shown to be the case for a majority of the 500 largest multinationals as well as for subsets of this 500 sorted by region or industry. The analysis has also been applied to the activities of a sample of all US and OECD multinationals, aggregated by country. These concentrations have been explained using theories, such as region-bound FSAs which constrain the ability of multinationals to internationalize, as well as transactions costs which make doing business outside a multinational’s home market more costly. To date, there has been no analysis that focuses on the regional and global character of multinational activity destined for China. This paper works to fill that void. Using data on FDI into China from each investor country over the period 1995–2005, this paper documents a significant regional concentration of Asian multinational activity operating within China. This regional concentration is sustained even after the special relationships with Hong Kong and (other) Offshore Financial Centres are accounted for. The evidence therefore extends the evidence of regional concentrations of MNE activities found elsewhere to China and its relationship with Asia.     

Work systems in heavy engineering: the role of national culture and national institutions in multinational corporations

This paper is based on an Anglo-German research project of two research groups in both countries. It is based on data collected by qualitative research in the three largest multinational corporations (MNCs) in the lift and escalator industry. The headquarters (HQs) of the three corporations are based in the United States, Finland and Germany, respectively, and all three MNCs each have subsidiaries in Germany and Britain. Our main objects of analysis were change processes in the work systems of these three MNCs.We chose the lift and escalator industry as an example because it has been characterized by strong concentration processes during the last 10 years. Most of these corporations have grown by acquisition and there are strong tendencies in the market towards standardized, globally uniform products.National cultures and institutions, first of all play a role on the HQ level. Important areas were the standardization of products and production technology, the design of management systems and location and relocation decisions for R&D and manufacturing. Second, MNCs take differences in national cultures into account and deliberately “use” them in allocating resources and investment within the multinational group. National cultures and institutions massively shape the very formulation of manufacturing strategies within the multinational groups, as well as the R&D strategies—a particular important field in an industry still relying heavily on small-batch and unit production. National cultures also play a significant role in implementing the global strategies of MNCs in different host countries. Our data reveal striking differences on this level.     

Leading across language barriers: Managing language-induced emotions in multinational teams

This study shows which negative emotion language barriers can provoke among multinational team (MNT) members and investigates how MNT leaders can successfully mitigate these detrimental effects. Multilingual teams constitute a leadership context of paramount importance in today's organizations, which prior research has neglected. Our study contributes to the literature on MNT leaders' emotion regulation strategies by investigating the specific challenges they face in this setting. We advance research on leadership in teams by exploring successful leadership strategies geared towards addressing language-induced emotions and by demonstrating the positive outcomes of MNT leaders leveraging their power in this context. Our study contributes to research on language barriers in multinational corporations by introducing the interplay of language-induced emotions and leadership to this area. Furthermore, it contributes to emotion-sensitive organizational studies by specifying previously established emotion management models for multilingual environments. On this basis, we draw conclusions for the development of future MNT leaders.     

Politics and Power within Multinational Corporations: Mainstream Studies,Emerging Critical Approaches and Suggestions for Future Research

Given the increased public interest in the use and misuse of power in multinationals in the aftermath of the financial crisis, it is notable that power relations in multinational corporations (MNCs) have not gained enhanced attention in the academic community. What is missing so far in the study of MNCs is a systematic examination of how power and politics within MNCs have been addressed in mainstream international business (IB) and sociological research studying the MNC. This paper starts by critically reviewing these two mainstream approaches in the study of MNCs as organizations and seeking to understand the shortcomings of former research. Next, it reviews new emergent critical perspectives, which the authors call socio‐political studies of MNCs, where power and politics are addressed not just more prominently, but also differently, from a more bottom‐up and actor‐centred perspective. After reviewing this emergent stream of research, the authors propose that future studies should take a more micro‐political perspective and focus in more detail on the micro‐foundations of power relations. In the concluding section, the authors show how future studies of MNCs can learn from both critical interactionist and discursive theories when analysing organizational politics and power relations. A framework is proposed for the study of micro‐level political game‐playing in MNCs, based on a three‐dimensional framework for organizational power (episodic, rules of the game and domination), and some key research questions for future studies are suggested.     

跨国公司演进的知识观

传统跨国公司理论认为,知识的公共物品属性以及知识产品交易的市场失效是导致跨国公司演进的原因,这种分析没有反映企业所拥有并擅长的进行隐性知识转移的功能,忽视了子公司在知识创造中的作用,而且没有充分考虑到对外直接投资的知识效应。本文从企业的知识观出发,指出跨国公司通过对外直接投资来拓展企业边界并进行知识的内部转移,不仅可以保持企业现有知识存量的完整性,而且也为知识的再结合和创造新知识构筑了平台,从而寻求动态的竞争优势。