农村气候贫困人口迁移:一个初步的研究框架

中国是世界上自然灾害最为严重的国家之一,异常气候频繁而且大面积地发生,大量气候贫困人口的产生及移民问题已经成为中国社会经济未来发展的限制因素。目前中国学界和政府对此问题还不够重视,研究较薄弱,研究思路、框架还不够明晰,因此本文拟先行设计一个研究框架加以引导。框架设计既依据于已有研究成果,也基于对农村气候贫困人口迁移问题本身以及促进该问题解决的可行性、推进力量、政策措施等的认识。框架目标主要是明晰研究思路、研究内容及研究方法等。     

中国普惠金融对农村贫困人口的减贫效应研究

消除贫困是当前各国政府面临的重大难题之一。文章基于我国普惠金融发展指数(IFI)构建了一个普惠金融减缓农村贫困人口贫困的理论框架,采用我国30个省市(西藏除外)2010-2016年面板数据实证检验了我国普惠金融对农村贫困人口的减贫效应。研究表明2010-2016年我国普惠金融发展水平不高,但呈上升趋势。此外,我国普惠金融发展存在空间收敛趋势,东部地区普惠金融发展水平整体高于中西部地区,但中西部地区普惠金融发展速度要快于东部地区。实证检验得出我国普惠金融具有显著的农村贫困人口减贫效应,呈现出先减小后扩大的U型特征,我国普惠金融针对农村贫困人口减贫作用存在某一拐点值,在普惠金融发展水平达到拐点值后,减贫效应不断增强。在控制变量中,政府对经济干预、人力资本与交通基础设施都具有减贫效应,而过大的城乡收入差距对减缓农村贫困人口贫困不利。进一步分析发现我国普惠金融对农村贫困人口的减贫效应也存在较强的空间异质性,中西部地区的普惠金融减贫效果要优于东部地区。中西部地区政府对经济干预将有效降低农村贫困发生率,但东部地区政府经济干预对减缓农村贫困人口贫困的作用不显著。但两大地区的人力资本水平、交通基础设施、城乡收入差距的减贫效应实证结果与全国样本相一致。     

中国新贫困人口及其社会保障体系构建的思考

本文从贫困概念及演化提出新贫困人口的定义和类型,认为新贫困人口是我国计划经济向市场经济制度转轨过程中的利益受损者,解决新贫困人口的生存权和发展权问题是政府的基本责任,由此从社会保障的内涵、功能和价值基础等角度阐释社会保障体系在解决我国新贫困人口问题的重要作用,并提出完善我国社会保障体系的对策思路。     

城市贫困人口社会救助理念建设滞后的探讨

根据奥格本的“文化滞后论”,理念文化滞后制度文化到一定程度时必将阻碍制度文化的发展。通过对当前我国城市贫困人口社会救助理念建设各要素的剖析 ,认为社会救助理念建设滞后表现为 :政府对社会救助理念建设重视不足和自身理念滞后 ;宣传渠道适应性较弱 ;建设内容不够全面和带有误导性倾向 ;建设对象被忽视。理念建设滞后正阻碍制度建设的发展     

经济转型与城市贫困人口生活状况的变化

文章通过对2002年哈尔滨市南岗区的抽样调查数据分析表明,在城市贫困人口中,有1/3来自经济转型之前,2/3是经济转型过程中剥离出来的相对素质较低的劳动力人口。从1990到2000年这段时间里,城市贫困人口中的大多数都感到自己的生活水平在下降,尤其是下岗的工人、服务人员和干部的感受最为强烈,而那些一直没有工作的贫困人口大都认为自己的生活水平没有变化或有所上升。这种感受一方面是由于下岗或失业的确造成了目前的贫困人口绝对生活水平的降低,另一方面,这种感受也受到生活水平的相对差距的影响。2000年以后,随着低保政策的大面积实施,城市贫困人口生活水平降低的势头得到了有效控制。     

经济较发达地区农村空巢老人的养老问题——以浙江农村为例

本文通过对现阶段浙江农村空巢家庭类型及成因的分析,比较了农村空巢家庭与传统同已婚子女一起生活老年人生活质量的差异,认为空巢老人家庭生活质量不仅低于农村人口的平均生活水平,也低于传统同子女一起生活的老人,并对如何解决农村养老问题提出了对策建议。     

城市贫困人口的现状和解困政策研究--以上海为例

90年代以来,我国城市中的贫困问题越来越突出.上海作为我国人口最多的城市和老工业基地,产业结构调整中大量职工下岗失业,贫困人口规模扩大.在减缓城市贫困方面,上海市通过建立社会保障制度、实施再就业工程、健全社会救济机制等取得了一定的成效,使大部分的贫困人口基本生活得到了保障,但相关政策还存在不少缺陷,造成贫困的一些因素依然存在,要从根本上解决贫困问题,必须改进和完善鼓励就业的劳动政策,填补社会保障制度的空缺,改进社会救助制度.     

发达地区土地保障功能弱化后的农村养老——以浙江为例

在浙江等经济发达地区,土地的养老保障功能由于土地收入递减、人地矛盾突出和农民就业状况改变等原因已逐渐弱化。同时强调土地的保障功能在某种程度上已经阻碍了农村经济的发展和人口城镇化进程。因此本文提出在经济发达地区应建立以城乡一体化为目标,由政府、集体、个人共同出资的社会养老保险制度,并且分人群分阶段实施,以真正解决农民养老问题。     

我国农村非农化发展机制的比较研究——以辽宁省和江苏省定量分析为例

我国农村城市化、非农化的动力机制复杂，有共同的作用因素，也有显著的地域特点。本文选择辽宁、江苏二省进行了农村非农化动力机制的定量比较，为研究影响我国农村城市化、非农化的诸多因素和认识各地区的特点提供思路。     

各国社会医疗救助制度及其对建立我国城市贫困人口社会医疗救助的启示

社会医疗救助是医疗保障体系的重要组成部分。本文描述了新加坡、加拿大、英国和美国等国家社会医疗救助的特点,分析建立我国城市贫困人口社会医疗救助制度的意义,并对覆盖对象、资金来源以及保障项目与水平等作出思考。     

Racial differences in physician usage among the elderly poor in the United States

Despite the rapidly growing ranks of the elderly in America, the increasing racial and ethnic diversity of this population, and the large number of seniors who are poor, there are relatively few systematic investigations that examine the causes of racial differences in health care use specifically among elders living in poverty. This article addresses this issue by examining differences in patterns of having and using a physician among the elderly poor, the role that race plays and what might explain it. We demonstrate that even within this disadvantaged and medically engaged population there are persistent and significant racial differences in having and using a doctor. Specifically, we show: (1) Whites and women are more likely to have a regular doctor than men and African Americans; (2) Among those who have a doctor, whites and women also visit the doctor with greater frequency than other groups even at the same levels of health or illness; (3) After accounting for the varying levels and effects of social connectedness, racial differences in having a doctor essentially disappear; and (4) While differences in having a regular doctor can be accounted for using measures of social connectedness, substantial and robust racial and gender differences in doctor use remain. In the end, we provide an analysis that examines typical factors known to influence health care use, and find that while need, structural factors, perceptions of care, and social connectedness have a powerful effect on doctor visits, the racial variation in using a doctor cannot be explained away with the available measures.     

Population, nutrition and agriculture

The human carrying capacity of the world or a country is considered as a function of food consumption per capita. A method of assessing carrying capacity is described, and it is shown that the world’s population currently exceeds the global carrying capacity, that the population of the less-developed countries (LDCs) exceeds their carrying capacity, and that this situation cannot be expected to change more than marginally in the period up to 2050. It is also shown that a major increase in the global consumption of nitrogen fertilizer will be necessary if world crop production per capita is to be maintained at the current inadequate level.     

A review of pregnancy information on nutrition,physical activity and sleep websites

ProblemMost pregnant women report using the internet to source health information during pregnancy. However, little is known about the information presented on the internet and whether it is consistent with current evidence-based guidelines.BackgroundPregnancy is considered a risk period for women as it is associated with poorer health behaviours including an inadequate diet, decreased physical activity and reduced sleep. As a result, pregnant women and their unborn child are at a greater risk of adverse health outcomes.AimThe purpose of this study was to review pregnancy related information about nutrition, physical activity and sleep provided on Australian government and leading industry body websites, and to compare this information to current evidence-based guidelines.MethodsA systematic online search was conducted to identify Australian Government, and leading industry websites that provided information on nutrition, physical activity, or sleep during pregnancy. The content of each website was reviewed and compared against current nutrition, physical activity and sleep guidelines.Findings27 government and leading industry websites were included in this study. 18 websites included nutritional information, none of which aligned 100% with guidelines. Nine websites included physical activity information, only one of which was 100% in accordance with guidelines. Two websites included information on sleep during pregnancy, however neither were in accordance with guidelines.ConclusionWomen are accessing information via the internet that is not in accordance with current evidence-based guidelines. These results call to attention the need for government and leading industry websites to review and update their website information in accordance with current evidence-based guidelines.     

Pregnancy nutrition knowledge and experiences of pregnant women and antenatal care clinicians: A mixed methods approach

Background

Dietary intake of pregnant women do not appear to meet the dietary recommendations. Nutrition knowledge and practices of pregnant women and their antenatal care clinicians are factors that may be influential on dietary intakes of pregnant women.

我国贫困人口标准再探讨

近几年,通过对我国10余个贫困县的考察,笔者认为:农村贫困人口标准过低,仅相当于国际贫困线确定的最低贫困人口标准的1/5,相当其贫困标准的1/10;相当于我国监狱囚犯生活标准的1/4,相当于美国贫困人口标准的1/50。贫困人口难以完成在当时社会一般的、正常状况下劳动力的再生产。农村贫困人口从2亿多减少到2000多万,主要不是扶贫工作所致,而是到城镇打工。依据马克思劳动力价值学说的基本原理,抓紧调整提高农村贫困人口标准,改进扶贫工作机制,对我国的长治久安和建设和谐社会的大局有利。     

市场转型、社会资本与城市居民的贫困缓解：以广州和兰州的贫困居民为例

使用广州和兰州的实证数据,在对贫困居民的社会资本测量的基础上,对贫困居民所拥有的各种资本包括社会资本、人力资本和传统体制资本与贫困居民的贫困缓解关系进行探讨。结果表明,个体的社会资本对居民的贫困缓解具有显著意义,但是人力资本、体制资本对个体生活机遇建构无显著意义。文后对市场转型论进行回应,并对城市贫困居民主要资本类型作用的制度环境进行了解释与讨论。     

On the contribution of sectoral natural population growth to the aggregate poverty change

This note extends the Ravallion and Huppi (World Bank Econ Rev 5(1):57–82, 1991) aggregate poverty change decomposition to account for the distinct contribution of migration and differential natural population growth between sectors to the aggregate poverty change. We apply our decomposition to three Least Developing countries. We find that accounting for sectoral difference in natural population growth has a considerable impact on national poverty change. Responsible editor: Alessandro Cigno     

Life Course Perspectives on the Links Between Poverty and Obesity During the Transition to Young Adulthood

Increasing obesity among Americans is a serious issue in the US, especially in the pediatric and young adult population. We use a longitudinal design to examine the relationship between childhood poverty/welfare receipt and obesity onset and continuity from adolescence into young adulthood using three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. We include multiple measures of disadvantage that co-occur with poverty and model potential mediating mechanisms within a life course framework. We find a significant effect of poverty/welfare receipt in childhood on obesity outcomes for females, but not for males. However, other measures of socioeconomic disadvantage such as neighborhood poverty, and low parental education are related to obesity in both males and females. Poverty may impact female obesity through the mediating effects of physical activity, inadequate sleep, skipping breakfast and certain forms of parental monitoring, while race is an important confounder of poverty’s influence. This paper highlights the important influence of poverty and other aspects of social disadvantage on obesity outcomes during this critical transition to adulthood. Implications of this research include physical activity and parenting interventions for low-income youth. In addition, governmental efforts should be made to increase physical activity opportunities in poor neighborhoods.