共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 597 毫秒
1.
Helge Sanner 《Journal of population economics》2006,19(1):119-136
Existing theoretical literature fails to explain satisfactorily the differences between the pay of workers who are covered
by collective agreements and others who are not. This study aims at providing a model framework that is amenable to an analysis
of this issue. Our general-equilibrium approach integrates a dual labor market and a two-sector product market. The results
suggest that the so-called “union wage gap” is largely determined by the degree of centralization of the bargains and, to
a somewhat lesser extent, by the expenditure share of the unionized sector's goods.
相似文献
Helge SannerEmail: |
2.
Kræn Blume Mette Ejrnæs Helena Skyt Nielsen Allan Würtz 《Journal of population economics》2009,22(4):881-908
In developed countries, immigrants are more likely to be nonemployed and self-employed compared to natives. Based on register
data of male immigrants in Denmark, we performed a detailed investigation of the immigrant–native difference in transition
patterns across labor market states. We find that a high proportion of immigrants from non-Western countries tend to be marginalized
relative to natives, and they tend to use self-employment to escape marginalization.
相似文献
Allan WürtzEmail: |
3.
The effect of immigration on the labor market performance of native-born workers: some evidence for Spain 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Raquel Carrasco Juan F. Jimeno A. Carolina Ortega 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(3):627-648
This paper provides an approximation to the labor market effects of immigrants in Spain, a country where labor market institutions
and immigration policy exhibit some peculiarities, during the second half of the 1990s, the period in which immigration flows
accelerated. By using alternative data sets, we estimate both the impact of legal and total immigration flows on the employment
rates and wages of native workers, accounting for the possible occupational and geographical mobility of immigrants and native-born
workers. Using different samples and estimation procedures, we have not found a significant negative effect of immigration
on either the employment rates or wages of native workers.
相似文献
A. Carolina OrtegaEmail: |
4.
We explore the labor market returns to the General Education Development (GED) exam for US natives and the foreign-born. We find that foreign-born men with a GED who received all of their formal schooling abroad earn significantly more than either foreign-schooled high school dropouts or graduates. In contrast, among US natives, GED recipients earn less than high school graduates but significantly more than dropouts. The returns for natives become larger over the life cycle and are not due to cohort effects. Our findings indicate that the GED may be more valuable in the labor market than some previous research suggests.
相似文献
David A. Jaeger (Corresponding author)Email: Fax: +1-757-2211175 |
5.
We present longitudinal survey data suggesting that the terrorist attacks in the USA on September 11, 2001, changed attitudes
toward certain minorities in Sweden. This finding is consistent with results in previous studies. To investigate whether this
change in attitudes also affected the labor market situation of these minorities, we study unemployment exit around 9-11 using
detailed data on the entire Swedish working-age population. Contrary to what may be expected from many theories of labor market
discrimination, the time pattern of exits and entries for different ethnic groups, as well as difference-in-differences analyses,
shows no sign of increased discrimination toward these minorities. A possible explanation for this result is that employers
act rationally in their hiring decisions and do not respond to changes in attitudes toward immigrants as a group.
相似文献
Dan-Olof Rooth (Corresponding author)Email: |
6.
The cohort is a key concept in the study of social demography and social change. The enduring influence of cohort membership
can arise from history-based and/or size-based effects. The most prominent proponent of size-based cohort effects is Easterlin
(Birth and fortune: The impact of numbers on personal welfare, 1980) who argues that individuals hailing from unusually large cohorts will experience adverse labor market conditions relative
to the members of the smaller cohorts that bracket them. Drawing on data from the March Current Population Survey for the
period spanning 1974–2004, we examine the influence of relative cohort size on underemployment. The results provide modest
support for the Easterlin thesis, showing the odds of underemployment to be greatest among members of relatively large cohorts,
net of other significant predictors. The results also show that the impact of relative cohort size differs by educational
level, suggesting that adverse economic conditions produced by large cohort size can be offset by broader changes in the labor
market and other social institutions.
相似文献
Leif JensenEmail: |
7.
This paper discusses the question of whether or not the high incidence of poverty among immigrants in Norway persists even
after immigrants have been in the country for a long period, i.e. after they have had the opportunity to integrate and adapt
their skills to the expectations in their new home. While similar to traditional studies of wage assimilation, a study of
assimilation in relation to poverty propensity nevertheless measures something different than labor market assimilation, and
this represents the main innovation of this study. Analysis of assimilation with respect to poverty focuses on welfare for
the lower end of the income distribution and for all individuals, regardless of their relationship with the labor market.
It can therefore be seen to better reflect the degree to which immigrants as a whole are able to achieve at least the minimum
necessary to participate in the life of their new home and avoid difficulties later on.
相似文献
Rolf AabergeEmail: |
8.
A discrete choice model for labor supply and childcare 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A discrete choice model for labor supply and childcare for mothers of preschoolers is presented. The mothers are assumed to
make choices from a finite set of job possibilities and from a finite set of childcare options. Options in the markets for
childcare are characterized by opening hours, fees and quality attributes. Similarly, jobs are characterized by a fixed wage
rate, working hours and a number of variables related to job satisfaction. In the estimation of the model, we take into account
that the number of options available might vary across work/care combinations and that some mothers are rationed in the market
for care at day care centers. The model is employed to simulate the female labor supply effects of the Norwegian home care
allowance reform.
相似文献
Thor O. ThoresenEmail: |
9.
This paper examines the nonmarket interactions among migrants in the urban labor market of Bangkok, Thailand. We test whether
the population size and the labor-market performance of previous migrants have externalities to new migrants who have moved
from the same province of origin. Our empirical results, which control origin fixed effects, time fixed effects, and origin-
and year-specific correlated shocks, show that (1) the relative population size of previous migrants in the market decreases
the employment probability of new migrants (substitution effect), (2) the employment probability of previous migrants increases
that of new migrants (positive externalities), and (3) when the employment probability of previous migrants is high, however,
the scale effect becomes positive, which demonstrates a threshold in the informational scale economies. The results imply
that positive informational scale effect dominates negative substitution effect when the efficiency of previous migrants is
sufficiently high in the destination labor market.
相似文献
Futoshi YamauchiEmail: |
10.
Minorities such as ethnic and immigration groups have often been subject to exclusion through labor market discrimination, residential and employment segregation policies, business ownership regulations, restrictions on political participation, access to public services, and more. This paper studies the dynamics of minority exclusion. From the viewpoint of the dominant majority, the exclusion decision balances the motive to redistribute income in its favor and the interest in avoiding potential civic unrest or even violent confrontation with the minority. The analysis also has implications for immigration policies, suggesting that they have to take this group dynamics into account.
相似文献
Maurice SchiffEmail: |
11.
Dropping out of post-compulsory education in the UK: an analysis of determinants and outcomes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We analyse the decision to drop out of post-compulsory education over the period 1985–1994 using data from the Youth Cohort
Surveys. We show that the dropout rate declined between 1985 and 1994, in spite of the rising participation rate in education,
but is still substantial. Dropping out is more or less constant over the period of study, though the risk of dropout does
vary with young people’s prior attainment, ethnicity, family background and the state of the labour market. The course of
study has a substantial effect on the risk of dropout.
相似文献
Pam LentonEmail: |
12.
Physical capital taxation and labor income taxation in an endogenous growth model with new generations 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This paper examines the growth and welfare effects of physical capital taxation and labor income taxation. It is found that
the impact of a rise in the physical capital tax rate on the balanced growth rate is crucially related to the birth rate,
but a rise in the labor income tax rate definitely reduces the balanced growth rate regardless of the birth rate. It is also
found that an increase in the physical capital income tax rate will harm the older but will benefit the younger, while an
increase in the labor income tax rate will benefit the older but will harm the younger.
相似文献
Ching-Chong LaiEmail: |
13.
Maria Gutiérrez-Domènech 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(1):83-110
This paper investigates how education and the labour market affect Spanish individual decisions on the timing of marriage
and births, using a Cox hazard approach. It disentangles men and women, and two groups, Cohort 1945–1960 and Cohort 1961–1977.
Results show that female employment delays marriage in Cohort 1945–1960, but it has a reverse effect in Cohort 1961–1977.
We also find evidence that employment is a barrier for family formation since employed women postpone births in both cohorts.
The precarious Spanish labour markets, captured by female unemployment rates, delay family formation, especially by putting
off marriage. Male unemployment, at the individual level, impacts negatively on fertility only through delaying marriage.
相似文献
Maria Gutiérrez-DomènechEmail: |
14.
We estimate models of employment an earnings for a sample of white and non-white male immigrants drawn from the Labour Force
Survey between 1993 and 2004. Immigrants who arrived to enter the labour market (labour market entrants) are distinguished
from those who arrived to complete their education (education entrants). Diverse patterns of labour market assimilation are
found depending on ethnicity and immigrant type. Amongst labour market entrants, whites do better than non-whites, whilst
amongst education entrants, highly qualified prime-age non-whites perform as well as their white counterparts. Relative to
white natives, labour market outcomes for all immigrant groups have a tendency to decline with age.
相似文献
Joanne LindleyEmail: |
15.
This paper analyzes the effects of population aging on the preferred legal retirement age. What is revealed is the crucial role that the indirect ‘macro’ effects resulting from a change in the legal retirement age play in the optimal decision. Two social security systems are studied. Under a defined contribution scheme, aging lowers the preferred legal retirement age. However, under a defined pension scheme, the retirement age is delayed. This result shows the relevance of correctly choosing the parameter affected by the dependency ratio in the design of the social security programme.
相似文献
Francisco Lagos (Corresponding author)Email: Fax: +34-95-8249995 |
16.
Measuring the value of statistical life: estimating compensating wage differentials among workers in India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. Madheswaran 《Social indicators research》2007,84(1):83-96
Policy makers confronted with the need to introduce health and safety regulations often wonder how to value the benefits of
these regulations. One way that a monetary value could be placed on reductions in health risks, including risk of death, is
through understanding how people are compensated for the different risks they take. While there is an extensive literature
on VSL and compensating wage differentials for the developed countries, few such studies exist when it comes to developing
countries. Our study is an attempt at obtaining estimates of VSL that reflects Indian risk preferences. Based on a survey
of 550 workers in Chennai and 535 workers in Mumbai, we find the value of a statistical life in India to be approximately
Rs. 15 million. The value of statistical injury ranges from Rs. 6,000 to Rs. 9,000. Policy makers interested in programs to
decrease environmental and health risks could use these numbers as one bench-mark against which costs can be assessed.
相似文献
S. MadheswaranEmail: |
17.
Two major educational expansions in Taiwan have resulted in a remarkable improvement of human capital accumulation for the
last three decades, which is consistent with the long-run goal of education in improving individual well-being and international
competitiveness. This study focuses on the expansion of higher education starting from the late 1980s. As the number of higher-educated
workers entering the labor market each year has increased rapidly, this higher education expansion policy has encountered
some critiques from the public. Evidence shows that the incidence of over-educated workers in the labor market has been continuously
increasing after the expansion, which is considered to be a short-run problem from the policy. We also find that the overall
educational inequality drops sharply, which is mainly contributed by the within age group component after decomposing educational
inequality using the decomposable Theil index. Along with a larger increase in average schooling for women, a larger reduction
in educational inequality for women than for men implies women have benefited more than men from the policy and the educational
inequality between men and women is narrowing.
相似文献
Chun-Hung A. LinEmail: |
18.
We examine the long-run effects of the pay-as-you-go (PAYG) social security scheme on fertility and welfare of individuals
in an overlapping generations model, assuming that child-care services are available in the market. We show that the impact
of a tax increase on fertility depends on the relative magnitudes of the standard intergenerational redistribution effect
through the social security system, the (implicit) subsidy effect through tax-exemption of child rearing at home, and the
price effect through changes in the relative price of market child care, and that if parental child-rearing time is inelastic,
a tax cut could bring about a Pareto-improving allocation.
相似文献
Akira Yakita (Corresponding author)Email: |
19.
Job loss and family adjustments in work and schooling during the Mexican peso crisis 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
We use individual data from a panel of families during the depth of the peso crisis in Mexico to investigate whether the transition
of the male household head from employment into unemployment affects the labor force participation of his spouse and children.
We find that significant added-worker effects are in operation especially for adult females (wives), but no evidence that
the labor force participation, the school attendance, and the likelihood of advancing to the next school grade of teenage
males are influenced by the event of unemployment of the household head. The head's unemployment is significantly associated
with a higher probability that teenage females do not attend school. However, lower attendance does not appear to impede their
advancement to the next grade.
相似文献
Susan W. ParkerEmail: |
20.
Bruno Amable 《Social indicators research》2009,91(3):391-426
This paper tests the impact of various determinants of the preference for two key elements of the European social models:
redistribution and trade unions, using individual data from the first round of the European Social Survey. The basic hypothesis
is that the main determinant of an individual’s support for these elements of the European models is the social position of
the individual in terms of income, status and risks attached to their labour market insertion. The paper also considers the
relative importance of less ‘materialist’ influences such as religion or other cultural determinants. The estimations show
that ‘materialist’ determinants are by far the most important influences on individual preferences, contrary to what most
social theories of modernisation contend.
相似文献
Bruno AmableEmail: |