生产率困境的形成与治理机制：一个新的理论框架

生产率困境是创新经济学、战略管理、运营管理和组织科学关注的中心问题之一。然而,这方面的文献分散在不同的研究领域中,因而,迄今为止,这方面的知识是碎片化的。以1978年到2018年间的225篇文献为样本,本文系统地考察了生产率困境的形成机制和治理方式。首先,本文描述了这方面文献的演进脉络,进而形成了3个不同但是互补的研究视角。然后,从这3个视角出发,本文分析了生产率困境的前因后果。最后,将这3个视角综合起来,我们发展了一个关于生产率困境的综合性的理论框架,系统地揭示了生产率困境的形成机制和治理方式。研究结果表明,在给定的技术范式下,技术发展存在自然和经济的极限,因而,生产率的增长最终会缓慢下来。重要的是,由于效率-创新冲突的存在,企业对生产率的追求使得它们不具有通过颠覆式创新推动技术范式转换的激励。进一步,即使企业具有这种激励,它们在追求效率的过程中发展起来的核心能力变成了核心粘性,因而失去了颠覆式创新的能力。于是,企业对短期生产率的追求反过来使得它们难以突破生产率增长的极限,进而长期锁定在生产率困境中。     

On How Firms Located in an Industrial District Profit from Knowledge Spillovers: Adoption of an Organic Structure and Innovation Capabilities

The canonical approach argues that firms located in industrial districts enjoy advantages for both innovation and performance as a consequence of the exceptionally strong knowledge spillovers that flow freely and spontaneously within them. However, diffusion of shared competences is not as easy and free as postulated in the literature. Using the resource‐based view, we study whether clustered firms perform better than non‐clustered firms, by providing empirical evidence that location of firms in an industrial district does not directly create innovation capabilities or economic rents. This research question is important because it enables us to better understand how firms benefit from this external knowledge flow, both to create advantages in technological innovation and to obtain superior organizational performance. To stand out in capabilities that are often localized at the centre of the same industrial district, a firm needs to develop a learning internal micro‐environment capable of better absorbing localized knowledge spillovers. In particular, the organic form is revealed as a configuration well suited to combining structural flexibility with the productive flexibility offered by the district and to strengthening technological innovation capabilities, thus improving organizational performance.     

协作研发与在位企业突破性技术创新及代际知识桥的中介作用——以汽车行业为例

鉴于代际知识桥对企业突破性技术创新的作用可能不同,以65家汽车行业整车在位企业为样本,对其2009~2019年的面板数据进行负二项回归分析后发现:协作研发能够直接提升在位企业的突破性技术创新绩效,且显性代际知识桥与隐性代际知识桥在其间均可发挥积极中介作用;旧技术创新绩效对协作研发与突破性技术创新绩效的关系会产生积极作用,对显性代际知识桥与突破性技术创新绩效的关系会产生消极作用,但均不显著;旧技术创新绩效对隐性代际知识桥与突破性技术创新绩效的关系会产生显著消极作用。     

剔除非管理性因素影响的我国集成电路产业技术创新效率研究:基于广义三阶段 DEA 和 Tobit 模型

基于集成电路产业技术创新过程中所具有的特点,并考虑非管理性因素对技术创新效率产生的影响,运用广义三阶段DEA模型评价和比较我国集成电路产业整体及产业链各环节技术创新效率及差异,并进行投入要素的投影分析,在此基础上借助Tobit回归模型对技术创新效率的影响因素进行研究。结果表明,我国集成电路产业整体技术创新效率呈上升态势,而产业链各环节除封测业因技术换挡而呈现“N”型发展态势外,其余环节与产业整体情况相同;产业链各环节技术创新的投入冗余情况则各有不同,但制造业和装备业是投入冗余较为集中的环节;产业结构升级加速使得当前企业规模与技术创新效率呈现出负相关性,而企业R&D人员投入和人才密集性对技术创新效率分别存在消极和积极影响,可见效率提升的关键在于R&D人员的“质”而非“量”,政府支持程度则对技术创新效率有明显积极作用,但企业R&D经费投入对技术创新效率的影响并不显著,在当前产业发展阶段,高投入并不一定会产生高效率。     

The influence of patent protection on firm innovation investment in manufacturing industries

Countries enact various mechanisms, such as patent protection, to encourage, protect, and reward firm innovation. The degree to which these mechanisms afford firms protection over their intellectual property influences the innovation strategy that firms pursue and innovation investments they make. To date, empirical evidence on the relationship between patent protections and firm innovation is lacking, despite the relationship being the subject of intense theoretical and policy debate. To further consider the influences on firm innovation, we test the influence of a country's patent rights and changes in them on firm-level investment in innovation. Data for 706 firms competing in ten manufacturing industries across 29 countries were gathered and analyzed. Even after controlling for various firm, industry, and national factors, there is a strong positive influence of patent rights and changes in patent rights on a firm's propensity to invest in innovation. In addition, we consider the sensitivity of this result to alternative measures of patent and other intellectual property protection. We also find that the influence of patent rights on firm-level innovation varies across industries for example, the impact appears greatest in the scientific instruments and industrial chemicals industries.     

Government policies towards innovation: A review of empirical findings

Since the Second World War, governments in Western mixed economies have become increasingly involved in promoting technical innovation in industry. The analytical basis for this involvement is deficient, as is empirical information and analysis on its effects. But it is probable that, from an economic viewpoint, governments have been mistaken in supplementing normal industrial activity by financing large-scale development projects in technically sophisticated industry. They should instead be financing longer-term basic and applied research, as well as increasing technical awareness in more traditional industries. More needs to be known about the factors affecting innovative decisions in industrial firms, including the effects of industry-specific characteristics and of government policies.     

高端装备制造业技术创新资源配置效率及影响因素研究——基于两阶段StoNED和Tobit模型的实证分析

新常态下,高端装备制造业在推动国民经济稳定增长、加快传统工业转型升级、提升产业链核心竞争力的过程中,先导性和战略性作用日益凸出,但其技术创新资源配置的合理性和有效性却成为产业持续发展的主要瓶颈。本文从投入产出角度出发,基于价值链理论,将技术创新活动分为技术研发和技术转化两个阶段,并构建两阶段StoNED模型,采用2011-2014年的行业面板数据作为样本数据,对高端装备制造业技术创新资源配置效率进行测度和比较;以产业组织为视角,利用Tobit模型分析影响效率的关键因素。实证研究表明,我国高端装备制造业技术创新资源配置的整体和阶段效率在子行业间存在不同程度的波动和差异,技术研发阶段效率偏低制约着整体效率的最优化;甄别影响因素发现,企业规模对技术研发阶段效率具有负向作用,对整体和技术转化阶段效率具有正向作用;市场垄断不利于整体和技术转化阶段效率的提升;政府支持对整体和两阶段效率均具有负面影响。在此基础上,进一步提出应对产业技术创新资源配置现状的对策建议。     

Is Imperfect Competition in the Product Market Relevant for Labour Markets?

Recent research in macroeconomics emphasises the importance of imperfect competition in the product market for labour market outcomes. We investigate one aspect of this issue by specifying a dynamic labour demand model where firms face different degrees of competition in the product market and test its predictions for 299 US manufacturing industries. We find that the long-run equilibrium level of industry employment as well as the speed of labour demand adjustment decreases with market power. Our results imply that imperfect competition in the product market explains part of the observed labour market rigidities and also sheds new light on two “stylized facts” in industrial organisation, the observation of procyclical movements in productivity and price–cost margins in concentrated industries.     

Inter‐organizational Cooperation and Environmental Change: Moderating Effects between Flexibility and Innovation Performance

The paper investigates the moderator effect of inter‐organizational cooperation in the relationship between workplace flexibility and innovation performance. This research question is important because innovation is dependent on the strategic integration of technological knowledge, requiring organizations to acquire new capabilities rapidly or to ensure the presence of knowledge that may be beyond existing internal capabilities. Inter‐organizational cooperation constitutes a relevant mechanism for a firm to increase its knowledge base concerning new products and processes. High‐cooperation firms may have more opportunities to take advantage of flexibility for innovation performance because it facilitates the access and dispersion of knowledge within the firm. We test the research hypotheses in a sample of manufacturing and service firms. The results contribute to the literature on flexibility and innovation because they demonstrate that inter‐organizational cooperation moderates the relationship between flexibility and innovation performance. We discuss the implications of these results for future research and managerial practice.     

Catch-up as a Survival Strategy in the Solar Power Industry

We evaluate the strategies of the emerging market firms in the context of nascent industries. We use the Indian solar power industry as the empirical setting, against the backdrop of the evolution of the global industry, While in traditional industries emerging market firms learn from advanced economy multinational enterprises (MNEs) and slowly upgrade their capabilities, in the intensely competitive environment of nascent innovative industries, emerging market firms are exposed to global competition in their home market right from the early years. This shortens their catch-up clock. As a result, their long-term survival depends on their ability to catch-up fast, both in output and innovation capabilities. In the solar power industry, we find that innovations stem, in the main, from advanced economy firms. Further, Chinese firms are beginning to move from cost-based imitation to innovation. In contrast, with a few key exceptions, most firms in the Indian solar industry remain locked within a narrow niche of downstream site-based installation. Their operations are opportunistic, short term, and without specific catch-up goals, a scenario that does not bode well for the industry's future in India.     

高技术企业组织创新与技术创新匹配状态的测度研究

创新是高技术企业生存发展的核心,组织创新与技术创新是高技术企业创新的重要组成部分,组织创新是技术创新的基础和支撑,技术创新是组织创新的动力和源泉。但在高技术企业中组织创新与技术创新往往不相适应、不相匹配的现象,阻碍企业创新效率和持续发展。本文以我国的高技术企业为研究对象,通过问卷调研,结合相关性权重法分别测度了组织创新状态与技术创新状态,基于效用理论构建了组织创新与技术创新匹配状态的测度模型,对匹配参数和最佳匹配状态进行了求解,并进行了案例分析。     

Technology, progress and economic growth

Robert Ayres asks a number of questions relating to technology, progress and economic growth. How far is human welfare attributable to science and technological progress rather than to economic growth, or vice versa? Can technological progress negatively impact on economic growth and employment? What kind of technology is needed for a truly sustainable future?The answers are critically important for producers, managers and governments. Increasing welfare is due primarily to science and technology, and only secondarily to economic growth. Scientific and technological progress generated economic growth, not vice versa. In its present form, economic growth can hinder technological progress (through increasing returns to scale reducing the rate of innovation). But current technological progress can negatively impact economic growth, and especially in the field of information technology. The falling price of manufacturing goods will lower the economic growth rate.Sustainability is the number one question. We are experiencing decreasing resource quality, increasing demand, and environmental constraints. The industrial world must cut material consumption, change its structure of demand, and sharply increase its productivity of materials and energy.The author advocates a completely new economic strategy - ‘radical dematerialism’, in which there is a massive reverse substitution of human labor for fossil energy and physical substances extracted from the environment. The sustainability of economies of the future will be based almost entirely on services - leasing will become the norm for products - and firms must learn to sell services, not products.     

Impact of the patent system on the creation and diffusion of new technology

The paper summarises the results of several years research into the patent system at the Department of Applied Economics, University of Cambridge. Case studies of a number of large firms were carried out in four industries—chemicals (including pharmaceuticals), electrical engineering (including electronics), mechanical engineering and man-made fibres. In the light of these, the impact of the patent system on research and development, innovation, and the diffusion of new technology is considered. The patent system is found to be of marginal importance only, with the principal exception of the pharmaceutical industry. It is nevertheless found to have positive advantages for advanced industrial economies, as compared with a hypothetical weaker system.     

On Strategy,Typologies and the Adoption of Technological Innovations in Industrial Markets

This paper investigates the role of strategy in the timing of adoption of technological innovation by industrial firms. In the course of this investigation we bring together and consolidate theoretical insights and empirical evidence from diverse yet fundamentally related streams of research. Strategy is placed within the wider context of the many factors that have been found to influence the timing of a firm's decision to adopt a technological innovation, and conjectures about its precise role are debated. The paper concludes with suggestions towards a synthesis of the highly fragmented work in the area, and identifies key directions for research aimed at a better understanding of the innovation adoption decision in contemporary firms and the interrelationships of the many factors influencing this decision.     

The Industry-Level Impact of Information Technology: An Empirical Analysis of Three Industries*

As noted by several observers, information technology (IT) has rapidly evolved from “part of the organizational overhead” into a strategic resource capable of changing patterns of competition within industries [8, p. 275]. However, while this evolution has become part of the fabric for literature exploring the strategic impact of IT, very few studies have been undertaken to determine the specific influence(s) of technology-based competition on industry structure. The development of analytical frames for capturing aspects of industry behavior provides a potentially powerful tool for evaluating the influence strategic IT initiatives may have on current bases of competition. Drawing from the theoretical disciplines of industrial economics and strategic management, this study develops a framework for analyzing longitudinal changes in industry structure. Working within this frame, the study then analyzes the nature and change of structure in three industries during and after the introduction of strategic information technology. The findings suggest that in each of these industries structural characteristics were dramatically altered subsequent to the introduction of competitive-based IT. In two of the industries (airlines and industrial chemicals), early adopters broke away from other industry participants, in effect, forming unique bases of competition. In the remaining industry (drug wholesalers), previously distinct bases of competition consolidated, resulting in a more competitive industry structure than that which existed prior to the technological innovation.     

Ambidextrous Organizational Culture,Contextual Ambidexterity and New Product Innovation: A Comparative Study of UK and Chinese High‐tech Firms

Contextual ambidexterity is of paramount importance for new product innovation and organizational success, particularly in high‐tech firms operating in a dynamic environment. Whilst it is recognized that contextual ambidexterity is grounded in organizational culture, existing research has not crystallized what kind of organizational culture enables contextual ambidexterity and consequently new product innovation. In this paper, drawing on data from 150 UK and 242 Chinese high‐tech firms, we conceptualize ambidextrous organizational culture as a higher‐order construct consisting of organizational diversity and shared vision, and examine its impacts on contextual ambidexterity and consequently on new product innovation outcomes. Using structural equation modelling, we find significant relationships between ambidextrous organizational culture, contextual ambidexterity and new product innovation outcomes; contextual ambidexterity mediates the relationship between ambidextrous organizational culture and new product innovation outcomes. Our findings also suggest that the above relationships are robust in the UK–China comparative research context, and that contextual ambidexterity and new product innovation outcomes are dependent on business unit level heterogeneity (i.e. ambidextrous organizational culture and research and development strength) rather than industry or cross‐cultural differences.     

产业创新网络动态演进机制模拟与实例分析

产业创新网络是由产业内以创新为目的、相互独立又相互关联的企业以及企业间关系耦合而成的网络.产业创新网络的演进机制是其研究的关键内容,但这一领域的研究成果、特别是定量研究成果较少.文章基于社会网络理论,将产业创新网络描述为企业间以创新为目的的关系网络;企业节点及其相互关系构成产业创新网络结构,知识资本和社会资本是产业网络创新的基础,企业的进入与退出机制以及企业的行为决策影响产业创新网络的演进过程,基于此构建基于多智能体的仿真模型来分析产业创新网络的演进机制;中国基于TD-SCDMA标准的3G产业网络演进过程实例表明,该仿真模型能够有效反映产业创新网络演进的特点,仿真模拟是分析产业创新网络演进机制的有效方法.     

The role of QMS in the relationship between innovation climate and performance

The emergence of new global competitors, the convergence of high-technology industries and the increasing speed and cost of technological development promises an increasingly uncertain environment for organisations, making adaptation to changes in the environment a central theme in the study of the organisation for both organisation theory and strategic management. This study thus seeks principally to verify that, while innovation and quality management (QM) alone do not possess the qualities required to provide organisations with sustainable competitive advantages, the bundle of innovation and QM together with other resources and competencies will allow organisations to obtain a competitive advantage and adapt to their environment. The results show that the factors determining innovation – such as resistance to change, cohesion and workload pressures – have repercussions for the firms’ capacity to adapt to their environmentand that a QM context facilitates this adaptation. Finally, we can conclude that a climate of support for innovation is positively related to the organisation’s performance.     

"引进-模仿-改进-创新"模型与韩国企业技术学习的演进过程

韩国企业通过技术的引进-模仿-改进-创新,实现了自主创新和技术跨越,对我国现实发展阶段的创新型国家建设具有重要的启发和借鉴意义.本文以技术学习理论为研究基础,考察了韩国企业技术学习过程,分析了韩国半导体行业、汽车行业和电子行业的技术学习路径,构建了基于技术学习的知识创新过程模型,最后提出了值得中国企业研究和借鉴的地方.     

产业集群内双寡头企业合作创新博弈分析

在A-J模型的基础上,引入产业集群内双寡头企业间的距离衰减系数变量,采用3阶段博弈,分析技术创新企业间的距离对技术创新水平和产品市场的影响,分析企业在博弈中的决策,以及决策条件和效果,为产业集群内企业技术合作创新决策提供依据。博弈第1阶段是企业在产业集群内的创新合作对象选择,决定相互之间的距离;第2阶段是企业技术创新水平决策;第3阶段是企业在产品市场上进行古诺竞争决定产量。