La spécificité émotionnelle des métiers de soins

Historiquement, les questions de genre sont au c?ur des métiers de soins. Généralement, les soins sont associés aux tâches que, de tous temps, les femmes prenaient en charge ou se voyaient imposer. C'est précisément pour cette raison que Tronto (Moral boundaries. A political argument for an ethic of care, 1993) affirme que les travaux de soins ont été historiquement conçus de telle manière qu'ils se retrouvent exclus du domaine du ‘vrai’ travail. Ils ne font pas partie du travail professionnel, qu'il soit industriel ou administratif. Cependant, on constate petit à petit une évolution en la matière. Depuis environ une décennie, les soins ont acquis une signification beaucoup plus large. On définit les travaux de soins comme un type de métier dans lequel la cognition, la compétence et l'émotion sont étroitement liées. La reconnaissance du caractère émotionnel des métiers de soins porte en elle un élément de base très important, tant pour le développement futur de ces métiers que pour l'élaboration d'une politique de ressources humaines ‘sur mesure’ pour les métiers de soins. Dans la deuxième partie de l'article, nous confrontons le discours qui a été développé dans le prolongement de cette idée à la pratique. Nous nous basons sur les résultats d'une enquête et d'une étude de cas auprès de la catégorie professionnelle des infirmiers et des soignants au sein des maisons de retraite et de soins en Flandre. Cette confrontation permet des conclusions quant à la spécificité des métiers de soins (qui restent pour l'instant principalement féminins).     

Les dépenses de sécurité sociale vont-elles de pair avec de meilleurs résultats des entreprises? Étude de cas sur les PME indonésiennes

Le lien entre protection sociale et résultats des entreprises est abondamment étudié, mais on manque d'informations sur la situation des petites et moyennes entreprises des économies en développement. L'auteure examine ce lien à partir de données de recensement indonésiennes portant sur la période 2010-2014. Elle constate que, lorsque les dépenses de sécurité sociale augmentent de 10 pour cent, le chiffre d'affaires par travailleur progresse de 2 pour cent. De même, l'extension de la couverture sociale n'entraîne pas de baisse du bénéfice, ce qui laisse penser que les entreprises pourraient avoir intérêt à investir dans la sécurité sociale de leur personnel.     

Les transformations actuelles du régime de l'innovation en Wallonie: une analyse des pôles de compétitivité

Notre contribution propose une grille d'analyse du régime wallon de l'innovation et des transformations dont il est l'objet. Nous mettons en évidence les dynamiques qui ont émergé en Wallonie entre les stakeholders de l'innovation et le régime existant, autour de la mise en place des pôles de compétitivité. L'originalité de notre article repose sur l'utilisation de concepts comme le “macro-récit” ou le “paysage socio-technique” pour interpréter les dynamiques d'une politique publique d'innovation et appréhender la complexité de l'univers discursif, institutionnel, historique, culturel, social et technologique des acteurs en présence. Notre analyse montre qu'une telle approche est nécessaire en complément à une évaluation d'impact traditionnelle pour mesurer les chances de succès de l'implémentation durable de la politique wallonne des pôles de compétitivité. Nous concluons que le modèle d'innovation qui transparait relève d'une appréhension systémique des modes de production de connaissance, mais reste cloisonné dans une logique instrumentale de l'innovation, insuffisante et peu réflexive, maintenant à distance la société et certains stakeholders de l'innovation.     

Promouvoir le pouvoir collectif des travailleurs dans les réseaux de production mondialisés: retour sur une occasion manquée

L'auteur s'interroge sur la capacité des ONG de renforcer le pouvoir collectif du travail au sein des réseaux de production mondialisés en utilisant leur pouvoir de pression sur les multinationales pour lancer des programmes d'élections de comités de travailleurs dans les usines. Sur la base d'une enquête empirique menée entre 2012 et 2019 dans le sud de la Chine, il montre que ces programmes ont permis de sensibiliser les travailleurs à l'action collective et de renforcer leur agentivité, mais que l'inégalité structurelle du système de production, l'absence de protection institutionnelle en faveur des représentants élus et le durcissement du régime ont empêché qu'ils perdurent.     

Analyse visuelle e représentation de la réalité

The author's objective is to establish a relationship between the theoretical structure at the basis of a qualitative sociological analysis and the forms of visual representation of social reality, such as photography and social documentaries. Visual material becomes an object of analysis when it refers to a society that talks about itself and when it reproduces a reality which it records and makes nameable. The theme of observation is characterized by a complex activity in which perception, imagination, and representation are different functions from the sociological point of view, yet strongly connected because they make it possible for the researcher to interact visually with social reality. Observation procedures ask sociologists to have an eye capable of recognizing and perceiving in a representative way the experiences they have lived and the social facts they have observed and described. These must be portrayed not only as suggestive visual metaphors, but also as a consequence of ‘sensitive hearing’ which is essential in all research phases, from anthropology to ethnography and sociology.     

Entrer aux Chantiers : les transformations de la socialisation professionnelle et des rapports intergénérationnels aux Chantiers de l’Atlantique (1950–2005)

Based on the data of a sociological study conducted among three generations of workers of Chantiers de l’Atlantique, this article describes and analyzes, in a dynamic prospect, first, the changes in employment and labor in the shipbuilding industry over the last five decades (1950–2005) and, secondly, the changes in professional socialization and intergenerational relationships at work in the group of the metal-workers. On the basis of the postulate according to which the age and the generation are not sociological data in themselves but result from a singular social construction, our purpose is to show how the mode of production of the three working generations observed is directly related to differences in access to employment on the one hand, and to professional and organizational socialization on the other hand.     

Dynamique de l’éducation bilingue interculturelle dans l'Amazonie brésilienne

In Brazil – and more largely in Latin America – the fight of the indigenous movements for the demarcation of their territory and the installation of an intercultural school education contributed to the constitutional changes of the years 1980–1990 which led these States to regard themselves from then on as pluricultural and multiethnic nations and to recognize collective rights specific to native people and tribes living on their territory. The author analyzes the advent and the development of this intercultural bilingual education in two border regions of the State of Amazonas (Alto Solimões and Alto Rio Negro) near the populations Ticuna, Baniwa and Tukano during the years 1990 and 2000. He shows in particular how the indigenous school, an assimilationist instrument for the Occidental and Christian culture until the 1980s, has been transformed by supporting the reappropriation of the traditional knowledge; meanwhile this school has opened itself to ‘Western’ knowledge in order to make it possible for the younger generation to acquire the ability to go towards evolution.     

Mobiliser par l’affect : contraintes et ressources de l’encadrement intermédiaire de prestations de services peu qualifiés

Sociological studies have seldom raised questions about the concept of “distance” in managerial work. This article sheds light on the organizational determinants of a particular style of hierarchy, one which mobilizes subordinates by using affects and calls for strong investment in relationships. The relational and affective distance with subordinates proves to be a resource in contexts where management's work is subject to a dense set of constraints. The conditions are exposed under which this “relational work” becomes a burden and leads to standing aloof from subordinates, in particular by disparaging them. This analysis of middle management in the reception service industry in France is extended to other businesses providing relatively unskilled services. It shows how the provision of such services to firms favors the emergence of this style of staff relations.     

Le métier de conseiller d’insertion et de probation : dans les coulisses de l’État pénal ?

This study of the changing profession of “counselors of integration and probation” (conseillers d’insertion et de probation, Cip) proposes a sociology of occupational groups that takes into account both statutory and moral considerations. Turning social services in prisons into a “penitentiary service of integration and probation” has involved professionalization, “juridicization” (with a shift from social work to the field of law) as well as a switch from a “compassionate” toward a “repressive” pole of interventions. Based on a survey conducted in prison, this study of work situations and conflicts helps us formulate the problems of ruptures and continuities in relation to both these employees’ individual trajectories and the institutional framework of their actions. This case study of Cip, an occupational group seen herein as a litmus test of what the penal institution does to persons under a court order, enables us to imagine an ethnography of the “state in acts”.     

Évaluation du rattrapage de la croissance chez les garçon d'âge préscolaire ayant souffert pendant une longue période de négligence et de maltraitance psychologique

Objective. To assess the catch-up growth of long-term physically neglected and emotionally abused preschool male children who have entered foster residential care and remained 1 year after initial placement.Method. Longitudinal study over a 7-year period (1994–2001). So that a child was eligible for the study, three selection criteria were included: (1) aged between 24 and 48 months at the time of entry into residential facility, (2) having sufffered both long-term (more than 6 months) physically neglected and emotionally abused, and (3) having stayed in foster care for 1 year after initial placement. Weight, height, and head circumference were established upon entry and re-assessed 1 year after initial placement, calculating the annual growth velocity. Results were compared with normal regional longitudinal standards of reference (Z score). Student's t test was used to assess statistically significant differences.Results. During the study perior, 87 children aged between 24 and 48 months (54 male/33 female) were admitted to residential facility after having suffered both long-term physical neglect and emotional abuse. Nevertheless, only 20 children (23 % of the total admissions) met the third selection criteria (having remained 1 year after initial placement). Of these children, all were males and at placement they were between the ages of 30 and 42 months, with an average age of 36 months (1.9 SD). At placement, the analysed parameters were below the normal standards, showing a statistically significant differences for height (Z score - −1.29; p = .008) and weight (Z score = − .75; p = .038). The annual growth velocity for all parameters was above the normal standards showing a statistically significant difference for height (Z score + 1.43; p = .009). One year after initial placement, the significant differences for height (Z score = 68; p = .102) and weight (Z score 31; p = .435) with respect to the normal standards disappeared, though still remained below, showing a significant catch-up growth for height (improvement height Z = +.61 SD).Conclusions. At placement, the both long-term physically neglected and emotionally abused preschool age male children showed a mild form of chronic malnutrition with growth failure was reversible after the first year of stay, which demonstrates that this delay in growth was secondary to nutritional and psychosocial factors. Placement in foster residential care was beneficial for the catch-up growth of these patients.     

Eléments pour une sociologie des études féministes en Europe centrale et orientale

Women's/gender studies were established in the Eastern European post-communist countries during the 1990s, as a new field of academic research and higher education. Works produced in this framework are often used as expert studies and aim to contribute to the improvement of the condition of women in that region, being at the core of the social and political reconstitution programs during the post-communist era. They were established by agents who were simultaneously active in different social spheres (scientific space, civil society associations, or institutionalized politics) and who exemplarily personify the multisituated feminism of the globalization era. These studies criss-cross national and international levels as well as scientific and militant logics. Hence they seem a pertinent entry to study the reconstruction of social sciences, the emergence of new academic topics, the international circulation and the importation of scientific questions and, finally, the recomposition of the academic elites within the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The article begins with a general point about the East-European context of the 1990s, when the socio-economic degradation of women's condition met a widely-spread rejection of feminist ideas due to their ideological manipulation by the socialist regimes. Then a zoom on the Romanian case allows us a reflection on the construction of the ‘women's issue’ during the post-communist transition, when several types of agents involved in the democratization reforms make theirs the transnational concern for women's rights. Finally, on the basis of these preliminary ideas, some research axes and working hypotheses are presented, such as: the sociology of gender studies as a new academic discipline, in a perspective inspired by the social history of social sciences; the sociology of the international circulation of feminist ideas and of the dynamics of East–West intellectual debates on the topic of women's condition in the post-communist countries; the analysis of the multiplying bureaucratic uses of ‘gender’ consequences.     

Amalgame et construction de l'Autre. Amalgame envers les minorités nationales et les minorités immigrées

Is it legitimate to establish a similarity of situation between migrants, and their descendants, and national minorities in a national territory, whether ethnic, cultural or religious? Both populations seem to be perceived in a comparable way by the majorities in power though they themselves may be plural in their composition. Accordingly some nation states create categories among the population, while others consider the law as universal for all. However, similar attitudes towards the other are developing based on psychological traits and with a socio-economic basis more often than not for political reasons. The ‘amalgam’ towards the Other depends on the meeting spot where real and forged identities meet. In the field there also function various levels of increasing mutual corresponding exclusions/rejections. Political utilitarianism is most clever in exploiting ‘amalgam’ to meet its own rallying views, the most obvious aspect being religious, whether openly developed or not. In spite of the clear danger of connecting worldwide places, a transverse study would enable one to bring into perspective similar phenomena all the more within their linkages.