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1.
Neil McLaughlin 《The American Sociologist》2004,35(1):80-101
In response to the recent The American Sociologist special issue on Canadian sociology, this rejoinder dialogues with some of the perspectives offered there on the discipline
north of the border with an eye towards lessons that American sociologists might learn from the Canadian experience. My reflections
build on a larger analytic piece entitled “Canada’s Impossible Science: The Historical and Institutional Origins of the Coming
Crisis of Anglo-Canadian Sociology” to be published soon in The Canadian Journal Sociology. Particular attention is paid to the different institutional arrangements of higher education in Canada and the United States,
Anglo-Canadian reliance on the particularly English “weakness as strength” strategy for sociology, tensions between the cultural
values of populism, egalitarianism, and excellence, and the trade-offs between professional and public intellectual work.
A critique is offered of the “origin myth” of Canadian sociology as a particularly vibrant “critical sociology,” with discussion
of Dorothy Smith's influence on sociology in Canada.
His research interests are in sociological theory, the sociology of culture, and the study of intellectuals from the perspective
of the sociology of organisations and professions. He is studying Edward Said as a “global public intellectual” as part of
a Canadian government-funded interdisciplinary grant on “Globalization and Autonomy” at McMaster University. He is also working
“Canadian professors as public intellectuals,” a project also funded by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council
of Canada. 相似文献
2.
C. Timothy Koeller 《Journal of Labor Research》1994,15(1):19-32
This paper extends recent research on the determinants of the decline in union membership in the United States. Using biennial
state-level data for a set of years between 1958 and 1982, my model tests “union organizing,” “structural,” “management opposition,”
and “public policy” hypotheses concerning union membership and suggests improved specifications of each of these hypotheses.
The paper also examines the relative importance of each factor in explaining the decline in unionization. The results support
each of the hypotheses and confirm previous findings that changes in the structure of the labor force are most important in
explaining union membership decline. 相似文献
3.
Larry T. Reynolds 《The American Sociologist》1998,29(1):20-37
Recent diagnoses of the contemporary crisis in American sociology generally fail to address some of the discipline's most
deeply rooted problems and therefore cannot provide an effective remedy. If sociology is to escape from its current moribund
condition in the United States, it must move away from prevalent “biologizing” and “naturalizing” attitudes, while also rejecting
the false cure of “postmodernism.” A true renaissance will require a critical approach that combines moderate empiricism and
moderate relativism with a strong human-rights perspective.
Larry T. Reynolds, is the author of over one hundred publications, including twelve books. A senior fellow of the Rockport
Institute, he is also past president of the North Central Sociological Association and former chair of the Marxist section
of the American Sociological Association. 相似文献
4.
Lars Skov Henriksen Steven Rathgeb Smith Annette Zimmer 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2012,23(2):458-501
Increasing societal heterogeneity, changing demographics, and increasing public debt and fiscal constraints have recently
challenged traditional “regime” approaches to welfare state development. Some scholars argue, against this background, that
welfare states might plausibly move out of their “regime container” by opting in favor of similar solutions and responses.
This potential trend toward “convergence” might, furthermore, be facilitated by the widespread use of new public management
ideas and techniques for “reinventing government” by adopting market solutions to public problems. This article investigates
whether such trends of convergence can be identified by comparing three different countries each traditionally looked upon
as belonging to different welfare state regimes: Denmark, Germany, and the United States. More specifically the article looks
at one important segment of welfare state activity, namely social services and related health care. To further focus the analysis,
special attention is devoted to the changing role played by the third sector in delivering services. The research design,
thus, differs from most comparative welfare state research. Instead of analyzing a broad set of quantitative indicators in
a large number of countries, it is scrutinized how some of the same problem pressures and policy ideas are being interpreted
and implemented in a small number of countries within one policy area. The analysis reveals that trends of convergence—conceptualized
along four dimensions: ideas, regulation, mix of providers, and revenue mix—can be identified across the three cases, though
this does not mean that the market share of nonprofit providers becomes the same. The study also reveals that fundamental
aspects of state–nonprofit relations persist despite trends of convergence. 相似文献
5.
Much recent literature plumbs the question of the origins and trajectories of “place,” or the cultural development of space-specific
repertoires of action and meaning. This article examines divergence in two “places” that were once quite similar but are now
quite far apart, culturally and politically speaking. Vermont, once considered the “most Republican” state in the United States,
is now generally considered one of its most politically and culturally liberal. New Hampshire, by contrast, has remained politically
and socially quite conservative. Contrasting legacies of tourist promotion, political mobilization, and public policy help
explain the divergence between states. We hypothesize that emerging stereotypes about a “place” serve to draw sympathetic
residents and visitors to that place, thus reinforcing the salience of those stereotypes and contributing to their reality
over time. We term this latter process idio-cultural migration and argue its centrality to ongoing debates about the accomplishment of place. We also elaborate on several means by which
such place “reputations” are created, transmitted, and maintained. 相似文献
6.
This commentary addresses Olivola and Todorov’s “Elected in 100 ms: Appearance-Based Trait Inferences and Voting” and considers
its valuable contribution to the field of nonverbal communication. This work suggests that contemporary politics and voting
behavior are so complex that they can be better understood outside of laboratory settings where the vital elements on culture
and context come into play. By using consumer culture theory and other cultural theories of branding, this commentary evaluates
elements of Barack Obama’s presidential run, and considers why his campaign resonated so well with voters in contemporary
United States culture. 相似文献
7.
Phyllis Moen Pamela Maynard Morgan Jull Ph.D. 《Journal of Family and Economic Issues》1995,16(1):79-107
Like the topic of family policy itself, research informing family policies is difficult to characterize. This article discusses
how ideology and values influence research agendas and then describes three types of studies informing family policies: research
defining social issues, evaluation research, and research about the policy-making process. Two case studies illustrate how
social research informs family policy: in promoting gender equality in Scandinavia and in reforming child support in the United
States. Values of individualism and the sanctity of the family have traditionally focused policy makers' and, hence, researchers'
attention on individuals, not families, as the units of analysis. But dramatic shifts in family structure and functioning
along with renewed public concern about family disintegration are placing families high on the policy agenda. Both “basic”
and “applied” family scholars can contribute to a research agenda examining the factors promoting strong, effective families.
She conducts research on gender and the life course, as well as on aging, families, and social policy. She received her Ph.D.
in Sociology from the University of Minnesota.
Her research interests in stratification, social policy, gender, and the life course include sex segregation in occupations,
fertility, and work decisions and family policy. 相似文献
8.
Sylvia R. Tamale 《Qualitative sociology》1996,19(4):471-495
This study tackles one of the most complex and intriguing issues in contemporary society, namely, the phenomenon of racism.
Instead of examining the structural dimensions of racism, it focuses on the interpersonal “everyday racism” that occurs among
students. Using the University of Minnesota as a case study, the study employs qualitative research methods to offer new perspectives
on everyday racism as perceived through the eyes of a Black foreign female student. Popular portrayals of the midwestern United
States present a relatively liberal milieu where racism only subtly affects social relations, and where there is “zero tolerance”
for the politics of exclusion. However, the findings of this study illustrate that everyday racism is alive and well in the
collegiate environment. Epistemological issues are elaborated, arguing for the position of an interpretive and reflexive rather
than a positivist approach to social research. 相似文献
9.
Norella M. Putney Dawn E. Alley Vern L. Bengtson MA PhD 《The American Sociologist》2005,36(3-4):88-104
Burawoy (2005) argues that sociology needs to re-establish a public sociology oriented toward society’s problems and the practice
of its unique knowledge if it is to again be taken seriously by the public, policymakers, and others. Yet, it is unclear how
best to achieve these goals. We argue that the relatively young field of social gerontology provides a useful model of successful
public sociology in action. As a multidisciplinary field engaged in basic and applied research and practice, social gerontology’s
major aim is to improve the lives of older people and to ameliorate problems associated with age and aging. Thus social gerontology
has routinely reached beyond the academy to engage with its publics. We review the field’s historical and theoretical development
and present four examples of public sociology in action. Several factors have contributed to social gerontology's success
in achieving the goals of public sociology: (1) Working in multidisciplinary teams which promote collaboration and respect
for diverse perspectives. (2) Its ability to advocate “professionally” for its publics without favoring one group at the expense
of another. (3) The unique affinity of its theories and practices with its disciplinary values. (4) The constructive effects
of its ongoing questioning of values and ethics. Working in a multidisciplinary field with multiple publics, social gerontologists
have been able to blend professional, critical, policy, and public sociologies to a considerable degree while contributing
toward improvements in well-being. 相似文献
10.
Matteo Bortolini 《Theory and Society》2012,41(2):187-210
Current sociology of knowledge tends to take for granted Robert K. Merton’s theory of cumulative advantage: successful ideas
bring recognition to their authors, successful authors have their ideas recognized more easily than unknown ones. This article
argues that this theory should be revised via the introduction of the differential between the status of an idea and that
of its creator: when an idea is more important than its creator, the latter becomes identified with the former, and this will
hinder recognition of the intellectual’s new ideas as they differ from old ones in their content or style. Robert N. Bellah’s
performance during the “civil religion debate” of the 1970s is reconstructed as an example of how this mechanism may work.
Implications for further research are considered in the concluding section. 相似文献
11.
Natalie Boero 《Qualitative sociology》2007,30(1):41-60
In the last twenty years scientific, medical, and public health interest in obesity has skyrocketed. Increasingly the term
“epidemic” is being used in the media, medical journals, and public health policy literature to describe the current prevalence
of fatness in the U.S. Using social scientific literature on epidemics, social problems, and feminist theories of the body,
this paper traces the historical emergence of the “obesity epidemic” through an analysis of 751 articles on obesity published
in The New York Times between 1990 and 2001. Through the identification and analysis of three discursive pairings I argue that the “obesity epidemic”
is a part of a new breed of what I call “post-modern epidemics,” epidemics in which unevenly medicalized phenomena lacking
a clear pathological basis get cast in the language and moral panic of “traditional” epidemics. I show how this moral panic
together with the location of the problem within the individual precludes a more macro level approach to health and health
care delivery at a time when health care services are being dismantled or severely cut back.
相似文献
Natalie BoeroEmail: |
12.
In this article, I attempt to address some enduring problems in formulation and practical use of the notion of structure in
contemporary social science. I begin by revisiting the question of the fidelity of Anthony Giddens’ appropriation of the idea
of structure with respect to Levi-Strauss. This requires a reconsideration of Levi-Strauss’ original conceptualization of
“social structure” which I argue is a sort of “methodological structuralism” that stands sharply opposed to Giddens’ ontological
reconceptualization of the notion. I go on to show that Bourdieu’s contemporaneous critique of Levi-Strauss is best understood
as an attempt to recover rather than reject the central implication of Levi-Strauss’ methodological structuralism, which puts
Bourdieu and Giddens on clearly distinct camps in terms of their approach toward the idea of structure. To demonstrate the—insurmountable—conceptual
difficulties inherent in the ontological approach, I proceed by critically examining what I consider to be the most influential
attempt to resolve the ambiguities in Giddens structuration theory: Sewell’s argument for the “duality of structure.” I show
that by retaining Giddens’ ontological focus, Sewell ends up with a notion of structure that is at its very core “anti-structuralist”
or only structuralist in a weak sense. I close by considering the implications of the analysis for the possibility of developing
the rather neglected “methodological structuralist” legacy in contemporary social analysis. 相似文献
13.
Price is a central analytic concept in both neoclassical and old institutional economics. Combining the social network perspective
with old and new institutionalist approaches to price formation, this article examines technological, economic, institutional,
and political factors that shaped the earliest pricing systems for electricity used in the United States, between 1882 and
1910. We show that certain characteristics of electricity supply led to ambiguities in how the product should be priced, which
created a politics of pricing among electricity producers. In particular, we investigate why the “Wright system,” arguably
inferior in productive efficiency to other alternatives, was widely adopted by 1900. We argue that this outcome resulted in
part from the political and organizational clout of its supporters, as well as from their particular conceptions of the boundaries
and future of the industry itself. The Wright system best suited the “growth dynamic” strategy promoted by the managers of
large central stations in their fierce competition with smaller and more decentralized installations. Thus, even in this apparently
highly technical and mainly economic issue of how to price the product, there was ample room for social construction and political
manipulation. The outcome reached was by no means inevitable and had a highly significant impact on the shape of the American
industrial infrastructure. 相似文献
14.
Best known as the first woman graduate from MIT, and the founder of Home Economics, Ellen Swallow Richards was a Progressive
Era reformer who applied social science research techniques to problems of concern to early sociologists. As a mentor to many
women who joined the “Cultural” and “Pragmatic” feminists of Hull House, her secular theories of “Oekology” and “Euthenics”
challenged many of the models of social change prevalent in the Cambridge and Chicago academic communities. Her most radical
contribution as a feminist was her assertion that women’s unpaid labor in the home played a vital economic role in maintaining
capitalism and was the ultimate source of their second-class citizenship. She shared a belief in democracy and education as
a feminist “Pragmatist,” and laid the groundwork for the contemporary “Ecofeminist” movement. Although she was a biochemist
by training, she engaged several genera-tions of women in the application of scientific methods to the solution of contemporary
social problems. As a political organizer, much of her legacy is reflected in the accomplishments of the reform organizations
she was instrumental in founding. 相似文献
15.
Robert C. Hauhart 《The American Sociologist》2003,34(4):5-24
In 1945 Davis and Moore, following an earlier formulation by Davis, proposed a functional theory of stratification that was
intended to account for what they contended was the “universal necessity” for social inequality in any social order. Beginning
with an article by Tumin in 1953, the Davis-Moore theory elicited regular analysis, commentary, criticism, and debate through
the 1970s. Although professional work on the theory has largely ceased since the late 1980s, the Davis-Moore theory remains
perhaps the single most widely cited paper in American introductory sociology and stratification textbooks and constitutes
“required reading” in hundreds, if not thousands, of undergraduate and graduate courses throughout the United States. The
present paper traces the history of the debate and attempts to explain the theory’s longevity and vitality in the face of
what has amounted to largely negative assessments by other sociologists over the preceding fifty years. 相似文献
16.
Jeffrey J. Sallaz 《Theory and Society》2006,35(3):265-297
The past two decades have seen a global convergence from gambling prohibition to legalization, but also a divergence regarding how new gambling industries are structured and regulated. This article compares two cases of casino legalization exhibiting different and, given conventional understandings of the two countries, unexpected outcomes. In the United States, ethnic entrepreneurs (Indian tribes) were granted a monopoly on casinos in California; in South Africa, the new ANC government legalized a competitive, corporate casino industry. Through explaining these disparate industry structurings, two arguments are advanced. First, Bourdieu's field theory best describes the interests and strategies of industry “players” as they attempted to shape policy. Second, Bourdieu neglects the independent role of institutions in mediating between field-level dynamics and concrete regulatory outcomes. In California, Tribes converted economic into political capital through a public election. In South Africa, the ANC used a centralized commission to implement corporate gambling over public opposition, in essence converting political into economic capital. By viewing policy domains as “dramaturgical prisms” whose sign–production tools and audiences facilitate certain but not other capital conversion projects, I both explain unexpected regulatory outcomes and synthesize field and political process theories.
Jeffrey J. Sallaz received his Ph.D. from the University of California-Berkeley and is currently Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Arizona. In addition to examining the struggles surrounding gambling legalization, he has studied ethnographically the experience of service work in the global casino industry and the politics of deindustrialization in the US rust belt. He is currently conducting research for a project analyzing the uneven diffusion of Pierre Bourdieu’s ideas into the field of American sociology over the past three decades. 相似文献
17.
Joshua Gamson 《Sociological Forum》1996,11(2):231-261
Using information gathered during fieldwork on New York lesbian and gay film festival organizations, this paper argues that
scholarship on identity has not paid sufficient attention to the organizational mediation of collective identity. The shape
of collective identity—how internal instabilities and diversities are accommodated, in this case—depends not only on the emergent
characteristics of the “collective,” but also on the resolution of challenges particular to organizational fields. Two very
differently conceived lesbian and gay festival organizations, sites at which decision making about collective identity is
ongoing and self-conscious, are examined. The analysis traces how each responds to two related tasks: maintaining community
legitimacy, which requires racial diversification, and surviving within an altered institutional environment. Rather than
imposition from “above” or construction from “below,” the adaptive responses by organizations (to changes in both community
expectations and the resource environment) transform the collective identity formulations reaching public visibility.
Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Colloquium Series of the Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies, City University
of New York, 1995, and at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Washington, DC, 1995. 相似文献
18.
Margarethe Kusenbach 《Qualitative sociology》2009,32(4):399-428
This paper is based on 45 ethnographic interviews conducted with residents of mobile home communities in West Central Florida
between 2005 and 2008. It investigates their strategies of managing the stigma that is commonly associated with living in
a mobile home. Informants routinely encounter negative stereotypes regarding their “trailer” home, community, and lifestyle
in public discourse and personal interactions, and consequently have developed ways of salvaging their decency. My analysis
of these strategies particularly emphasizes two versions of distancing, here called “bordering” and “fencing,” as examples
of symbolic boundary work. Other techniques discussed include ignoring, passing, humoring, resisting, normalizing, upstaging,
and blaming. Throughout the paper, I argue that mobile home residents’ ways of salvaging decency are both similar and different
compared to how other disparaged groups deal with stigmatization. The conclusion discusses broader sociological implications
of the research in enhancing our understanding of the experience of stigmatization, folk conceptions of decency, symbolic
and social differentiation, as well as race and class dynamics. 相似文献
19.
Bertrand Tchantcho Lawrence Diffo Lambo Roland Pongou Joël Moulen 《Social Choice and Welfare》2010,34(3):379-396
We study the core of “(j, k) simple games”, where voters choose one level of approval from among j possible levels, partitioning the society into j coalitions, and each possible partition facing k levels of approval in the output (Freixas and Zwicker in Soc Choice Welf 21:399–431, 2003). We consider the case of (j, 2) simple games, including voting games in which each voter may cast a “yes” or “no” vote, or abstain (j = 3). A necessary and sufficient condition for the non-emptiness of the core of such games is provided, with an important
application to weighted symmetric (j, 2) simple games. These results generalize the literature, and provide a characterization of constitutions under which a
society would allow a given number of candidates to compete for leadership without running the risk of political instability.
We apply these results to well-known voting systems and social choice institutions including the relative majority rule, the
two-thirds relative majority rule, the United States Senate, and the United Nations Security Council. 相似文献
20.
Gul Aldikacti Marshall Hiromi Taniguchi 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2012,23(1):213-235
While research has shown that having a “good” job significantly promotes formal volunteering, we have limited knowledge of
how this paid work-to-volunteer work relationship may differ between men and women. Based on the gender-identification spillover
theory, we hypothesize that because of the societal expectations that women should be caring, giving and communal, positive
job traits such as authority and autonomy promote women’s volunteering more than men’s. Our analysis of data from the National
Survey of Midlife in the United States shows that women who exercise supervisory authority on the job volunteer significantly
more hours than women who do not, whereas job authority makes no difference in the number of hours volunteered for men. Meanwhile,
job autonomy promotes men’s volunteering, but not women’s. Implications of these and related findings for future research
on gender and volunteering are discussed. 相似文献