农村地区孩子教育投资影响因素分析:山西省的经验证据

文章使用家庭内部资源分配的理论框架对中国农村家庭孩子教育投资影响因素进行分析。通过对山西省农村抽样调查数据的经验研究,揭示出在生存经济条件下,父母的劳动参与程度对于孩子的教育投入有显著的影响。作为父母劳动有效替代者,母亲的劳动参与程度增加会减少女孩的受教育年限,增加男孩的受教育年限,而父亲则相反。文章指出,减轻女性家务劳动负担的投资和补贴等政策有利于提高农村女孩受教育程度和缩小性别差距。     

出生性别比偏高因素的国外研究评述与思考

文章通过对国外有关出生性别比偏高影响因素研究的文献回顾,从产前和产后歧视、男孩偏好及其持续性等方面介绍了国外的经验研究成果及其政策含义,并就其理论意义和缺陷给予评价。     

解决出生性别比失调的制度创新思路探讨

一、设计社会政策的目标 社会政策的总目标：由父系制转向父母双系制。具体目标；由单一从夫居转向婚居模式多样化：从夫居、从妻居、独居，从而促进儿女共同承担家庭养老的责任；由事实上的大多男性继承和享有家庭和集体财产转向男女共同享有和继承财产，保障男女拥有平等的资源分配权和财产继承权：     

从医疗保险制度考察城市居民医疗服务的不平等问题

文章通过对城市医疗保险制度的考察,分析过去20年城市实行医疗保险方案改革的经验,以及城市医疗保险制度在医保筹资和获取的公平性、服务提供的有效性方面的影响,探讨了新医疗保险政策的公平和效率含义及提高城市居民医疗服务公平性的挑战与机会。     

健康风险、医疗保障与农村家庭内部资源配置

在经济转轨过程中,居民自我支出的医疗费用在不断上升,使健康风险成为影响家庭支出水平和福利水平的重要因素。文章根据实施医疗救助的3个项目省、6个项目县的住户调查资料,对救助户与非救助户的家庭消费结构进行比较。分析表明,医疗救助制度的推行对于降低医疗支出与非医疗支出之间的替代性、改善家庭内部成员之间的医疗资源分配的不均等性具有非常显著的改善作用。但同时也表明,如果居民遭受比较严重的疾患,现有医疗救助制度的力度仍是有限的。     

家庭变迁背景下的中国家庭政策

在人口转变和经济社会变迁的过程中,中国家庭规模不断缩小、家庭结构逐渐简化、传统家庭功能趋于弱化。这对维系社会正常运作的各项社会政策带来巨大冲击,并由此将家庭政策的完善与改革提上议程。尽管改革开放以来,中国的家庭政策在影响人口发展、提供家庭保障和促进性别平等等方面有所建树,但仍未脱离含蓄型和补缺型模式的囿限。文章认为,中国的家庭政策体系应实现向明确型和发展型转变。首先应创建专门的家庭政策机构,在此基础上明确将家庭整体作为基本的福利对象、以发展家庭能力为目标进行家庭投资、推进家庭政策的适度普惠性,并尽量避免其他政策安排与家庭政策的相互制约乃至冲突。     

西方发达国家的家庭政策及对我国的启示

西方国家早期的家庭政策是通过普适性的福利性手段减少家庭贫困,全面提高公民的福利水平。20世纪60、70年代,西方国家完成人口转变之后,家庭的发展进入后现代化时期,家庭模式发生了巨大转变。为达到国家的人口战略目标,西方国家的家庭政策从覆盖全民的福利性保障,逐渐转为在保证福利的同时,更加注重鼓励生育。当前西方国家在家庭政策的实施中所采取的主要政策工具包括家庭补贴和税收优惠政策,产假、生育补贴和工作保护,以及儿童看护和教育政策。依据西方发达国家家庭政策的已有经验,我国家庭政策体系可以采取"保基本、广覆盖、福利与调控人口并重"的政策路线。     

“四个确保”为群众 “两项制度”暖民心

为做好2014年度计划生育家庭奖励扶助和特别扶助工作,甘肃省岷县人口局从四个方面早部署早安排,确保计划生育家庭奖励扶助政策和特别扶助政策落到实处,让计生户切实感受到党和政府的关怀。     

社会救助视角下农村家庭养老服务津贴政策构想

为救助困难家庭的老人、提升老人的养老质量,政府已为部分困难老人购买社会养老服务。然而受制于各地经济社会发展水平,在广大的农村地区、甚至部分城镇地区,社会化服务发展水平较低、服务人员和队伍不足,绝大多数家庭尚未享受到政府购买服务,困难老人仍然依靠传统的家庭养老服务。基于与政府购买社会养老服务政策相匹配的理念,文章通过梳理国内外家庭养老服务相关实践发现对提供服务的家庭予以部分经济补贴是可行之路,实际调研中也发现当下农村地区困难老人面临的养老责任扯皮推诿、服务水平低等问题多为经济不足诱发。针对农村地区为老人提供家庭养老服务的困难家庭,本文从目标、原则、管理体制等几个方面为其构建农村家庭养老服务津贴政策。     

中国低生育率危机的伦理冲突及其应对

低生育率是当代中国人口发展面临的严峻问题,是实现适度生育水平和人口长期均衡发展的重要制约因素。文章以人口伦理学的理论和方法为基础,对中国低生育率危机隐含的伦理冲突及形成的伦理原因、应对中国低生育率危机的人口责任伦理构建等问题进行了系统研究。文章认为,中国低生育率危机隐含的伦理冲突主要表现为个体生育价值与国家生育政策之间的矛盾和冲突、女性家庭照料与就业和职业发展之间的矛盾和冲突、家庭生育抚幼与养老资源分配之间的矛盾和冲突三个方面。中国低生育率的伦理原因主要表现为：政策惯性驱动下的晚婚晚育和“只生一个好”生育观念的固化降低了人们的生育意愿,女性地位提高和就业率提高后的“双重角色”对女性生育意愿形成挤压,家庭抚幼养老功能弱化降低了生育的内在动力。构建中国低生育率危机的应对策略需要多管齐下,尤其要加强新时代人口责任伦理建设：一是重塑青年婚育责任伦理,提高人们对婚育价值和意义的认识;二是重构家庭生育责任伦理,倡导和鼓励家庭成员分担生育、养育、教育责任;三是重建关爱女性责任伦理,以尊重女性和关爱女性为价值导向,以尊重女性生育权利、保障女性经济权益为目标,努力营造尊重女性道德人格和生育权利的社会文化...     

Differentials in divorce in maryland

The basic data needed for measurement of the risks of termination of the legal relationship of marriage by characteristics of the marital partners are not available at this time for the United States because the national divorce registration area includes less than half the States. Special studies based on selected census data or the records of marriages and divorces occurring in one State or community have provided much of the valuable but limited information at hand. Statistics for individual States are subject to substantial bias as a consequence of inter-State migration between time of marriage and time of divorce, but they must serve as a basic data source until national reporting has improved. A record linkage study was undertaken which tied marriages occurring in the State of Maryland in 1959 with divorces occurring in the State in the years 1959–66. Relative, not actual, divorce risks by race, age at marriage, and previous marital status were calculated for couples with at least one partner an in-State resident at the time of marriage. The dissolution rate was higher for whites than for nonwhites. Marriages contracted by persons at very youthful ages and by persons who had been married previously were found subject to greater than average risks of dissolution through divorce.     

城市计划生育技术服务方式创新--南京市玄武区政府购买计划生育技术服务的实践

建立政府牵头、计卫联手、资源共享的计划生育技术服务体系 ,开展以知识普及、知情选择、随访服务、咨询指导、健康促进为主要内容的计划生育避孕节育和生殖保健优质服务 ,最大限度地满足社区育龄群众在计划生育和生殖保健方面的需求 ,是城市计划生育技术服务改革发展的方向1 。近几年 ,南京市玄武区计划生育局在区委、区政府的领导以及省市计生委的支持下 ,根据新时期城市计划生育工作改革发展要求 ,积极推进政府计划生育部门的职能转变 ,探索计划生育技术服务方式的改革创新 ,尝试依托社区医疗卫生和妇幼保健服务网络 ,由政府购买计划生育…     

Shifts in Reproductive Patterns in China

The People's Republic of China, during the second half of the twentieth century, has been repeatedly affected by social and political upheavals associated with government policies. These have produced strong but unexpected impacts on Chinese demographic patterns. Many of these policies are of the sorts that alter reproductive costs and benefits. This study examines patterns in Hebei, Shaanxi, and Shanghai, three provinces with differing ecological, geographic, and economic characteristics. Government policies affected the three populations differentially; this was evident at both aggregate and individual levels. The Great Leap Forward and subsequent famine created higher birth deficits and mortality among the largely rural populations of Hebei and Shaanxi than the more urban Shanghai. In contrast, the Cultural Revolution and family planning resulted in lower fertility levels for women in Shanghai. The population history of China during the second half of last century thus reflects strong state interventions in the lives of its citizens. Government policies, along with regional variations in geographic, social, and economic conditions, strongly influence individual access to resources in China. Variations in timing and intensity of women's reproductive patterns reflect differential access to resources and subsequent trade-offs.     

论西部开发中的城市发展问题

本文在对近20年来我国城市发展进行回顾与反思的基础上,提出了西部制定城市发展战略和选择城市发展道路的基本原则以及若干城市发展对策措施.     

Major Tasks in Health and Family Planning in China in 2015

On January 12,2015,at the regular press briefing of National Health and Family Planning Commission(NHFPC),NHFPC reported the major tasks in health and family planning in China in 2015.The details are as follows:In-depth Development of Medical and Health System Reform In-depth Development of Medical and Health System Reform.     

Increases in childlessness in New Zealand

New Zealand’s fertility fell below the theoretical replacement level (2.1 births per woman) for the first time in recorded history in 1978. It has hovered at or below replacement level ever since. The result, an impression of relative stability, belies changes taking place. Data from the 1981, 1996 and 2006 censuses show a pattern of delayed childbearing and increased childlessness. In a little over 30 years, childlessness has shifted from being almost entirely a consequence of a couple’s infecundity to being as frequently a result of a woman’s life choices. The steady rises in childlessness recorded by successive cohorts suggest that childlessness is already having a significant effect on New Zealand fertility. Patterns in characteristics of those women choosing not to start families, as well as subtle differences in these patterns between New Zealand and other developed nations, suggest that there is a significant potential for childlessness to cause a more dramatic shift in New Zealand’s total fertility rate. This analysis examines growth in childlessness in relation to marital status, country of birth, ethnicity, regional and urban differentials, religion, and educational attainment of women who were childless at the 1981, 1996 and 2006 censuses.

Materialism in Pedagogy Students in Chile

Many studies have used Richins and Dawson’s (J Consum Res 19: 303–316, 1992) Material Values Scale (MVS), applying it to different types of populations that exhibit a particular psychometric behavior, and showing little stability in their factorial structure. In the present study, 1,070 pedagogy students from the northern, central and southern regions of Chile answered the MVS. This sample was randomly divided in two. Using the first sub-sample (N = 539), an exploratory factorial analysis was carried out, from which a structure of nine items was grouped into two factors called “Social Success” and “Personal Happiness”, which presented adequate reliability. Later, with the second sub-sample (N = 531), the factorial structure indicated above was put to the test through a confirmatory factorial analysis. The data from the model show that the scale contains 8 items in total, grouped into two dimensions. The factorial loads are significant at the level of 1 %, which indicates that the 2-factor structure can be confirmed. Finally—using the proposed structure—the presence of the students’ material values was evaluated.     

Trends in life expectancy in wellbeing

Objectives: This paper describes anddiscusses trends in life expectancy inwellbeing between 1989 and 1998.Methods: Data on wellbeing by theBradburn Affect Balance Scale is obtained fromthe Netherlands Continuous Health InterviewSurveys for the calendar years from 1989 to1998. Using Sullivan's method, life expectancyin wellbeing is calculated.Results: For males at the age of 16, lifeexpectancy in wellbeing increases significantlyfrom 52.7 years in 1989 (90.1% of the totallife expectancy) to 54.4 years in 1998(90.8%). This increase is almost completelycaused by the increase in total lifeexpectancy. For females at the age of 16, lifeexpectancy in wellbeing raises significant from54.4 years in 1989 (84.1%) to 56.2 years in1998 (86.3%). This increase is almostcompletely caused by a decrease in the numberof years in a state of distress.For both males and females at the age of 65,the significant increase of life expectancy inwellbeing exceeds the increase in total lifeexpectancy and is mainly caused by the decreasein number of years in distress.Conclusion: Contrary to life expectancyin good perceived health and to disability freelife expectancy – which show a decreasing trend– the overall wellbeing of the population isincreasing. It seems that aspects in human lifethat contribute to wellbeing or quality of lifeother than physical health are gaining inimportance. This makes life expectancy inwellbeing a less appropriate instrument tomonitor changes in population health, but auseful instrument to measure population qualityof life.     

Changes in Living Standards and Depopulation in Latvia in the 1990s

Social Indicators Research -     

"非典"期间全国农村地区跨省流入人口调查数据分析

在2003年抗击非典的关键时期,国家人口和计划生育委员会进行了全国农村地区跨省流入人口的调查.本文着重分析这项调查所获得的数据,并对数据的一致性做出说明.既揭示了我国农村流动人口的基本特征和非典时期农村人口流动的规模和流向特点,又反映了非典对这一时期全国人口的流动所产生的影响,同时展示了我国抗击非典工作在农村地区所取得的成绩.