何时方休?——中国老年人就业参与的队列分析

推迟退休年龄是应对人口老龄化的重要措施.利用第六次人口普查汇总数据,以40岁为年龄起点分析从中年到老年就业参与状况,并结合"五普"数据运用队列分析方法探讨老年人口就业状况的变化轨迹.结果显示,在法定退休年龄处,人口在业比例有一个明显的下降梯度,但法定退休年龄对老年群体的就业行为影响程度存在明显的城乡差异.城镇人口在业比例在50-60岁间明显下降,而农村人口在业比例下降则发生在60岁以后.此外,在业老年人口中超过80%为农村老年劳动力.虽然当前在农村地区并未实行退休制度,但农村养老金的发放以退休年龄为起点,因此,在调整退休年龄时需要特别关注农村老人,避免养老金的延迟发放使其陷入贫困和老无所依.     

人口老龄化对中国经济的长期影响

生育率迅速下降和预期寿命的延长使中国人口正在经历快速的老龄化。本文试图对中国人口老龄化的长期经济影响做出分析,依次讨论人口老龄化对劳动力供需关系和就业率、国内消费需求、社会保障体制和公共财政、人口城乡迁移和城市化、中国经济在国际市场的比较优势和产业结构变迁的可能影响。在此基础上,作者提出逐步放宽生育控制政策、把人口政策的重点放到提高人口素质上、推迟法定退休年龄和深化对城乡社会保障体制的改革,提高社会保障的公平性和效率等政策建议。     

延迟退休引争议

人社部官员称, “随着我国经济社会的不断发展以及人均寿命的不断延长,相应推迟退休年龄,应该说是一种必然趋势”,一时间把延迟退休的话题推上了风口浪尖. 延迟退休年龄的问题,引发了社会广泛关注.     

达到法定退休年龄后缴费不满15年有何规定?

编辑同志:我企业一女职工,今年4月年满50周岁,全部缴费年限7年,到达退休年龄缴费不满15年,不符合退休申报条件,该如何办理才能领取养老金?赵茜赵茜读者:根据《关于进一步完善职工养老保险参保缴费办法有关问题的通知》(津人社局发〔2014〕58号)文件第十一条规定"参保人员达到法定退休年龄时,按照国家及天津市相关规定确定的养老保险待遇领取地为本市,且全部缴费年限不足15年的,可在用人单位或个人缴费窗口继续延长缴     

提高退休年龄与人力资源充分利用

提高现行退休年龄势在必行,人的物质生活水平提高,寿命延长,劳动能力也在随着寿命的延长而不断延长,无论从养老保障制度的健康运行讲,还是从充分发挥人力资源作用讲都应当采取更为灵活的退休政策。政府应当将退休的决定权赋予企业和劳动者,政府只负责社会养老制度的建设,这是市场机制下劳动力资源配置和社会养老保险制度运行的客观要求。在西方许多国家,都规定了由劳动者个人选择退休时间的弹性退休制度。我们应当学习借鉴。     

灵活就业和因个人原因连续工龄中断超龄人员参保政策解答

2014年以来,天津市陆续出台了"进一步完善职工养老保险参保缴费办法"和"解决因个人原因连续工龄中断超龄人员基本养老保障问题"惠民政策,扩大了社会保险的保障范围。近期有很多读者朋友来信想了解新政策的具体内容,现予以解答。1.哪些人员可以参加职工养老保险?答:年满1 6周岁起至未超过法定退休年龄(男60周岁、女50周岁),在天津市从事灵活就业的各类人员(包括天津市和外省市城镇户籍、农业户籍人员),均可在天津市个人缴费窗口参加城镇企业职工养老保险。2.灵活就业人员参加职工养老保险的缴费基数和缴     

人社部:养老金可继承

人社部4月24日召开新闻发布会,新闻发言人李忠回应"基本养老保险制度的参保人员去世之后钱会‘充公’"。李忠表示,如果参保人员死亡的,无论是在职时去世还是领取基本养老保险待遇时去世,其个人账户储存额的余额,按照法律法规的规定是可以依法继承的。李忠指出,中国的基本养老保险是实行社会统筹和个人账户相结合的模式,其中按本人缴费工资8%的数额为参保人员建立个人账户。个人账户主要是用于参保人员养老,原则上不得提前支取,参保人员达到法定退休年龄并且累计缴     

我国延迟退休年龄限制因素分析与建议

随着预期寿命的延长,丧失劳动能力的年龄也相应推后,延迟退休年龄成为可能;世界范围内的老龄化则使得这种政策变革成为必须.我国的退休年龄政策应该在对相关影响因素进行深入分析的基础上,选择合适的时机和方式:避开就业高峰;有助于适当缩小地区和行业等的收入差距;在充分考虑对于高低收入人群不同影响的基础上确定适当标准;注意退休年龄的变更对于男女两性的不同影响.设计合理的弹性退休制度是理想的选择.     

关于退休制度改革的探讨

随着人口老龄化现象的日益加重,我国现行退休制度已严重滞后于社会保障改革的进程。特别是男女退休年龄不一致以及各种原因导致的提前退休现象,使我国平均退休年龄大大低于发达国家。而且企事业单位退休制度不统一,待遇差距较大,引发的矛盾严重影响社会稳定,只有对退休制度进行改革才能解决这些问题。一、我国现行退休制度存在的问题(一)退休年龄偏低与人口平均寿命延长的矛盾凸现我国的法定退休年龄男职工为60周岁,女工人50周岁,女干部55周岁,提前退休政策大大拉低了退休的平均年龄。     

商讨女性主义的未来:女性研究毕业生与劳动力市场

"女性研究毕业生与劳动力市场"(Negotiating Feminist Futures:Women's Studies Graduates and the Labour Market)是澳大利亚莫纳什大学女性研究与性别研究中心(Centre for Women's Studies and Gender Researcth)2002年完成的一项研究课题.课题探讨女性研究计划应如何与职业领域建立联系以及女性研究毕业生在劳动力市场中如何取得成功,课题希望为这些问题提供一些具体的答案.     

The effect of immigration in the retirement age reforms: learning from a numerical example

This article examines the role played by the low-skilled immigrant labour force in countries aiming to reform their public pension systems by postponing the pensionable age. With an overlapping-generations model in continuous time and a fully redistributive pension system, the results of this article suggest that immigration could imply a delay in the pensionable retirement age. Further, we find that the preference for a delay in retirement age increases with the labour productivity of both immigrants and native population.     

Between labour market and retirement pension — flexible transition as a new paradigm for ageing societies?

Increasing the pensionable age due to rising life expectancy meets strong political resistance. For health and labour market reasons it will always be impossible for some to achieve full pension eligibility directly from employment. Even if early retirement options are not restricted the scope for an accumulation of earnings to fund an early pension is often narrowly defined. Consequently, it is impossible for early retirees to compensate for the reductions in the pension they receive. Contrary to the general tendency to increase the pensionable age an alternative reform proposal is currently under discussion in German social policy circles. This involves free choice of retirement at age 60; unlimited accumulation of additional pension entitlements whilst earning; actuarial deductions for early retirement; and consideration of life expectancy in making adjustments to pension awards. This solution relieves the public pension system financially, raises the attractiveness of senior citizens on the labour market, offers the opportunity for a self‐determined transition from work to retirement and reduces political resistance to pension reform. The effect on the labour market for senior citizens remains to be examined.     

Pension Reform in the EU Accession Countries: Challenges, Achievements and Pitfalls

Like the current member States of the European Union (EU), the 13 accession countries have diverse pension systems that vary in the adequacy of benefits, the degree of solidarity, and the roles of government, workers, employers, and pension funds in scheme management. Since the mid-1990s, nearly all have increased their pensionable age and adopted new systems for voluntary supplemental pension savings. Five have scaled down their social insurance schemes in favour of new systems of commercially managed individual savings accounts. The article discusses these reforms and their match with key elements of the countries' political and economic environments, financial markets and regulatory experience. It highlights alternative approaches to pension protection for retired workers in conditions of ageing populations.     

Older people, work and equal opportunity

People in industrialized countries are living longer, having fewer children and retiring sooner. The proportion of older people in the population is rising; their labour force participation is declining. These trends are arousing apprehensions about future labour supply and pension financing as contributor/beneficiary ratios decrease. A widely advocated policy response is to seek higher participation rates, especially by raising pensionable ages and restricting early retirement. Little has been done to improve the labour market position of seniors. Three-pronged action is needed: promoting training, placement and workplace flexibility; changing attitudes through education and information; and prohibiting age discrimination in employment.     

The Reform of Mutual Aid Associations in Japan: Civil Service Employee Pension Reform in 2012

Civil service employee pension reform began by removing non‐clerical work from the main body of the Mutual Aid Association (MAA) pension system. Further changes were based on administrative reform and pension jealousy. In particular, the Nakasone cabinet's administrative reform privatized the non‐clerical sector. Before the 1979 reform, the pensionable age was 55 for the MAA and 60 for the Employee Pension Insurance (EPI) scheme. The MAA pension benefit formula adopted the final salary system, which was larger than the average lifetime salary calculation used for EPI benefits. The final salary system was abolished during the 1986 reform. Public employee criticism over “Amakudari” led to further civil service employee remuneration reform in 2005. In 2007, the Social Insurance Agency pension record scandal led to a change of government by 2009. The biggest reform of the MAA pension system was the abolishment of the occupational portion of the pension, a compromise between the government and unions. We project that this compromise will cost 22 trillion yen over 90 years old. After 2055, the newly established MAA pension scheme will be abolished; thus the public pension may finally be sustainable.     

Global pension systems and their reform: Worldwide drivers,trends and challenges

Across the world, pension systems and their reforms are in a constant state of flux driven by a shifting focus, moving reform needs, and a changing enabling environment that reflect objective events but also changes in views and perception. The ongoing worldwide financial crisis and the adjustment to an uncertain “new normal” will make future pension systems different from past ones. The objectives of this article are: i) to briefly review recent and ongoing key changes that are triggering reforms; ii) to outline the main reform trends across pension pillars over the last two decades; and iii) to present key policy areas on which the pension reform community will need to focus to make a difference.     

‘I Might not Live That Long!’ A Study of Young Women's Pension Planning in the UK

There has been considerable concern about levels of pension saving especially given increases in longevity and rising pension deficits. In particular, the prospects of many future female pensioners have been questioned. As pensions are determined by contributions throughout the life course it is imperative to comprehend the attitudes, knowledge, expectations and savings habits of people from an early age to explore why under‐saving occurs. This is particularly pertinent given recent governments' emphasis on individual responsibility for financial provision in retirement. However, there is little research which focuses specifically on young women's attitudes or planning towards pensions despite considerable concern about the future of women's pensions. This article considers young women's (18–30) attitudes towards pensions and whether they differ according to socio‐economic status by using interviews with 15 women (five in routine and manual occupations, five intermediate, five professional and managerial) about how knowledge and choice, trust, responsibility, risk and uncertainty impact on their pension decisions. It is evident that the ability and willingness of people to contribute to a pension depends, among other things, on the pension offered by employers, the pension requirements in place and immediate financial needs. Therefore this article shows that pension policy needs to take into account women's employment histories, which are often fragmented and diverse, when considering young women's attitudes towards pension saving.     

Public pension institutions and old‐age mortality in a comparative perspective

Norström T, Palme J. Public pension institutions and old‐age mortality in a comparative perspective Int J Soc Welfare 2010: ??: ??–??© 2010 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and International Journal of Social Welfare. The aim of the study was to estimate the impact of changes in pension rights on old‐age mortality. We made a distinction between two dimensions of pension benefits, one of providing basic security (BASIC), and the other of providing income security (INCOME). Analyses were based on data for 18 OECD countries during the post‐war period. The outcome comprised old‐age excess mortality, defined as the ratio of the mortality rate 65+ to the mortality rate in the age group 30–59 years. The latter was regarded as a proxy for unobserved factors potentially related to old‐age mortality as well as pension rights. The pooled cross‐sectional time series data were analysed through fixed effects modelling. The results suggest that BASIC (but not INCOME) has a beneficial impact on old‐age excess mortality, which was statistically significant. We interpret the results in terms of the poverty‐reducing effects of pension entitlements with a basic security orientation.     

Social security pensionable ages in OECD countries: 1949-2035

This paper examines the pensionable or early retirement age in social security in 23 OECD countries over the years 1949‐2035. The policies for future years are those in current law, with some not being fully effective until 2035. The paper documents a pattern of decreasing pensionable ages that reversed in the 1990s, with many countries raising pensionable ages since the beginning of that decade, though generally with future effective dates. Pensionable‐age policy provides insight into broader issues in social policy, such as whether social policies across countries have converged over time. The paper also examines the time pattern in the movement toward gender equality in social programmes.     

Old‐age protection for women in the Spanish pension system

The example of Spain confirms the common view that contributory pension systems reproduce inequalities between the sexes that result from the nature of labour market structures and the sharing of family responsibilities. In general, women who stay at home are not entitled to their own pensions and are dependent on benefits of lower value such as survivors' pensions (derived entitlements) or non‐contributory pensions. In turn, women who work outside the home accrue lower entitlements than men and, consequently, lower old‐age or disability pensions (personal entitlements). The purpose of this article is to examine the figures for pension distribution by sex in Spain, review some of the pension policies that have been implemented since 2000, and propose direct action for progress in the transition from derived entitlements to personal entitlements. These proposals are designed to promote sex equality, defined as the right to equal well‐being and financial security in old age.