Teaching international public relations: An examination of individual and institutional attributes of public relations educators in the U.S.

The study reported here provides an examination of the attributes of selected public relation educators and their institutions in relation to the teaching of international public relations as a course or as a part of a course.     

Arabs, the west and public relations: A critical/cultural study of Arab cultural values

Using a critical/cultural perspective to examine Arab culture, this study tests the cultural-economic model of international public relations to identify cultural value orientations that influence Arab culture. These orientations include commitment to religion, devotion to the group, resistance to change/attachment to history and recognition of hierarchal order. Based on an initial review of these orientations, the study identifies guiding principles exhorting practitioners to carefully consider the nature, function and purpose of public relations practice in the Arab world and the relationship among cultural value orientations. The study concludes with useful implications and guidelines sensitive to Arab culture for public relations professionals and scholars.     

论社会转型中伊斯兰伦理道德的社会协调作用

伊斯兰教伦理准则是以《古兰经》和"圣训"为依据的,对协调社会关系起了重要作用。其主要包括:协调人与人、人与社会之间的关系;协调穆斯林个体与社会之间的关系;担负起社会的责任和义务;构成了穆斯林生存的心理定力等。     

伊斯兰教与中东民主化进程

“伊斯兰劫持民主”这一民主化前景影响了美国在中东推动民主的热情,这似乎印证了民主化问题上的“中东例外论”。然而,伊斯兰教与民主的关系并非结构性冲突,二者对立关系的成因是西方和伊斯兰世界相互建构的共有的敌对观念。政治伊斯兰的分野和转型使不同派别对于民主的态度出现分歧,美国对政治伊斯兰党派态度的转变也有利于其民主化进程。     

中东剧变与中国中东政策

中东动荡历时一年多,导致该地区多国政权更迭,并迅速扩展到叙利亚,叙危机已成为这场动荡旋涡的中心.伊斯兰势力的崛起成为这些转型国家面临的严峻课题.动荡使中东地区格局面临新的调整,地区大国间矛盾和力量消长,将影响有关国家政局和热点问题走向.美国调整中东政策,深刻影响了地区局势走向.中国坚持“不干涉内政”原则,尊重有关国家人民自主选择的原则立场,得到国际社会理解和肯定.中东形势演变对中国中东外交带来重要机遇和严峻挑战,中国应审时度势,积极应对,谋求中国与中东国家关系的新发展.     

中东形势综述与前瞻

2006年,巴以、黎以、伊拉克和伊朗核问题等中东四大热点问题交替升温,哈马斯、黎巴嫩真主党等伊斯兰激进势力不断壮大,美国、欧盟、俄罗斯等大国在中东地区的影响此消彼长。本文旨在总结中东整体形势,并对未来的中东局势进行展望。     

国际体系转型与中国的中东外交

国际体系正处于新旧交替的历史时刻，单极秩序在削弱，多极力量在崛起，中国成为新的世界秩序构建过程中的一支重要力量。在越来越深地融入国际体系的过程中，中国的外交理念与实践也发生变革。在大变革的时代背景下，中东地区政治格局也发生了变化。在外部势力影响有所减弱的情况下，多支力量兴起并日趋活跃。欧美等大国之间的关系演变及政策变化将对中东政治格局产生深远影响。中国的中东外交将变得更加积极和富有进取性，同时也更加重视多边合作及与欧美等大国的协调。     

中东民族主义与伊斯兰教关系评析

中东现代化进程中,现代与传统间产生矛盾的重要原因在于民族主义和伊斯兰教两种意识形态的复杂关系。鉴于此,本文主要从中东民族主义对伊斯兰教的冲击、伊斯兰原教旨主义对民族主义挑战的回应、民族主义与伊斯兰教的矛盾对中东政治发展的影响及其前景等三个方面分析了二者间的复杂关系。     

中东民族主义与伊斯兰教关系评析

中东现代化进程中,现代与传统间产生矛盾的重要原因在于民族主义和伊斯兰教两种意识形态的复杂关系.鉴于此,本文主要从中东民族主义对伊斯兰教的冲击、伊斯兰原教旨主义对民族主义挑战的回应、民族主义与伊斯兰教的矛盾对中东政治发展的影响及其前景等三个方面分析了二者间的复杂关系.     

Cyber warriors in the Middle East: The case of the Syrian Electronic Army

This paper investigates the online hacking group, the Syrian Electronic Army (SEA), and examines its goals. The study argues that it is not a hacktivist group but is made up of cyber warriors who are closely connected to the Syrian government in order to serve two main goals: serving as a public relations tool for the Syrian government to draw the world's attention to the official Syrian version of events taking place in the country and countering the impact of Syrian oppositional groups. The study investigates the online reaction to SEA by analyzing the comments posted on its YouTube videos in order to better understand the group's aims and strategies and the public perception.     

中东国家经济转型中的风险研究

从国际经济秩序和环境以及中东伊斯兰国家所具备的能力和条件来看,全球化对中东伊斯兰国家更多的是挑战。面对来自国际金融机构的压力和全球金融风暴的威胁,伊斯兰金融究竟该做何抉择尚难确定。国际经济新秩序不可能彻底消除歧视性的贸易政策,实现完全意义上的公正,其中的不利因素无疑会对中东国家构成威胁。此外,全球性经济组织、制度和规则也会给这些国家带来更多的压力。     

Constructing positive public relations in China: Integrating public relations dimensions,dialogic theory of public relations and the Chinese philosophical thinking of Yin and Yang

After thirty years of development in mainland China, public relations is suffering from a stigma because of its negative connotations, misconception and paradoxical perception among the general public, and development constraints. To overcome this stigmatization, a positive public relations theory that posits the positive functions of public relations in contemporary China is proposed by integrating the three public relations dimensions (i.e., communication, organization-public relationships, and ecological networks), the dialogic theory of public relations and the Chinese philosophical thinking of Yin and Yang. To achieve this, the paper first explains the cause of stigmatization in public relations. Second, it introduces the three dimensions of public relations as a profession and discipline. It then articulates how the dialogic theory of public relations and the Yin Yang philosophy contribute to the development of positive public relations. Lastly, it proposes the Taiji model of public relations and the underpinnings of positive public relations. It is important to note that positive public relations serves as a complement to, rather than a substitute for, existing theories of public relations.     

An analysis of other countries’ international public relations in the U.S.

The purpose of this study was to examine the various aspects of international public relations by other countries in the U.S. Based on the Foreign Agency Registration Act (FARA) report in 2002, this study analyzed client, activity types, purpose of activity, and key U.S. partners for activity. This study found that (1) business organizations and central governments were major clients of international public relations in the U.S., (2) meeting with governmental officials and congressional leaders was the primary type of activity followed by information dissemination, and (3) economic purpose led by trade promotion was the primary motive for these activities.     

中东国家经济转型中的风险研究

从国际经济秩序和环境以及中东伊斯兰国家所具备的能力和条件来看,全球化对中东伊斯兰国家更多的是挑战。面对来自国际金融机构的压力和全球金融风暴的威胁,伊斯兰金融究竟该做何抉择尚难确定。国际经济新秩序不可能彻底消除歧视性的贸易政策,实现完全意义上的公正,其中的不利因素无疑会对中东国家构成威胁。此外,全球性经济组织、制度和规则也会给这些国家带来更多的压力。     

中东地区国际体系的发展演变及其特点

本文在对中东地区国际体系的历史演变进行回顾的基础上,发现了两个重要特点:一是中东地区的民族国家体系并不是一个完全自足的体系,而是具有某种开放性,其发展演化的逻辑很大程度上受国际体系的影响和制约;二是由于长期的历史和文化联系的存在,中东地区的互动和交流特别频繁,使该地区的国际体系在一定程度上呈现出共同体的特征.     

中东伊斯兰国家转型中的“美国因素”

2011年以来,中东地区政局动荡,民众反美情绪日高,这充分暴露了美国中东战略的失误,主要体现在几个方面:美国的横行成为引发中东动荡的一个重要诱因;巴以争端依旧,令阿拉伯人十分不满;为了稳住中东,化被动为主动,以继续掌握中东事务的主导权,奥巴马提出了中东"新思维"。尽管新意不多,但体现了美国政府对中东政策的调整,并日渐清晰。尤其值得一提的是,美国正在打造埃及这个"民主过渡"样板,以促中东其他国家仿效。     

Cultural perceptions of public relations gender roles in Romania

This study examines attitudes about gender roles and their implications for public relations practice in Romania. Results reveal Romanians still hold traditional views, but women held a more liberal view of their role in society and in the workplace. The study supports that history and socio-cultural values are important factors in understanding the context in which attitudes about workplace roles are formed, which can increase understanding of public relations in transitional countries in Europe.     

犹太民族与中东穆斯林世界关系演变及其前景展望

历史上,犹太人与穆斯林并非天敌。《古兰经》承认犹太民族是一个“有经典的”优秀民族,对犹太人背井离乡深表同情,但对犹太教持否定与批判态度。犹太人与穆斯林之间的关系以和谐相处为特征,双方关系的恶化始于西方国家对穆斯林世界的侵略,锡安主义成了外部世界染指中东地区的工具。目前,以色列与中东穆斯林世界的关系将受制于缓和原则、在锡安主义上的工具性与目的性分离的原则、先易后难的原则和亮点原则等因素。以色列要化解与穆斯林世界的矛盾需要审时度势,针对不同国家采取不同对策：又方只有建立互信,才能最终实现和平共处。     

An overview of Middle East public relations practice,education, and research from isolation to globalization

ABSTRACT

Public relations has a critical role in addressing culture difference and enhancing research outreach. An analysis of practice, education and research in Middle East provides an exemplar of the need to move the discipline’s scholarship from global isolation to cultural inclusivity. A review of current scholarship in the discipline's journals documents the preeminence of “Western” theory. Research with culturally collaborative studies of media, culture, technology, and society is needed to provide global perspectives. The paper argues five initiatives are needed next steps for the discipline to achieve global inclusivity: * Enhance research collaboration – Culturally collaborative studies of media, culture, technology, and society are needed to provide global perspectives in our discipline. *Address bilingual scholarship – Public relations theory needs to acknowledge varied traditions and methodologies. Research journals need Middle Eastern faculty editorial board members and need to explore translation options. *Align research with the profession – Globally, public relations research needs qualitative understanding. Cultural differences often regress quantitative analysis to meaningless implications for both theory and practice. *Assess curriculum globalization – Educators need to increase cultural content in courses. Textbooks are needed that reflect the globalization of the field from multiple perspectives. *Develop international accreditation standards – An accreditation model based on bilingual, global, and contemporary careers in the discipline is needed. International accreditation site teams must include bilingual members.