经济法的基本价值取向新论

经济法是随着市场经济发展到一定阶段而产生的一个法律部门,其价值目标是多元化的,这其中,哪一种价值目标是经济法基本价值取向一直是学术界争论的焦点之一.目前,几种主流学说认为.经济法的基本价值取向主要集中在公平、民主、效率和自由等方面.然而,作为一个历史范畴,在不同的历史时期,经济法的价值取向是不同的.在我国当今社会经济发展不平衡、财富尚不能满足社会需要的特定历史时期,经济法应发挥其自身的功能和作用,促进社会经济繁荣和协调发展,从而提高人们最大化地积累社会财富的动力.所以,在法的诸多价值目标中,经济法的基本价值取向应当是效益和公平.其中,经济法的效益价值取向应是社会整体效益价值取向;公平是以社会本位为基础,是形式公平与实质公平的统一,是可持续发展的公平价值取向.     

论行政管理社会公平的价值取向

行政管理的价值取向是必须要明确的问题.社会主义国家行政管理的性质决定了社会公平的价值取向;实现社会公平是历代进步思想家和劳动人民的不懈追求;行政管理的发展决定了必须选择社会公平的价值取向.     

论我国当前社会保障法的价值取向

保障人的生存权与发展权是社会保障法的理论基石,该人文精神决定了公平是社会保障法的价值取向,而分配公平则是市场经济下社会保障法的现实的价值取向。作为中国这个正处于发展中的社会主义国家,我国无力去追求分配结果的绝对公平,只能以追求生存权利的公平为基本价值取向。权利公平体现在社会保障体系设置上,即应以社会救助为基础,社会保险为核心,全面构建社会保障法律制度体系。社会救助是社会保障的基础,是保障公民生存权的底线制度,构建城乡统一的社会救助法律制度,应该成为我国当前社会保障制度建设的首要任务。     

论效率优先,兼顾平等——兼评关于公平与效率关系的争论

公平与效率的关系是重大的实践问题,也是复杂的理论问题。目前,理论界对公平和效率关系的理解颇具分歧,归纳起来大致有如下三种观点:一、主张效率优先,兼顾公平;二、主张公平优先,以公平促效率;三、认为两者同等重要,不应区分孰先孰后。一段时间以来,这几种观点处在一种相持状态。 本文认为,以上几种观点都未能充分科学地表达出公平与效率的关系。有鉴于此,本文认为有必要提出自己认为适合我国目前需要的公平主张。 公平的两种涵义:机会平等和结果平等 人作为一种理性动物,在它的生活中具有多种价值取向,其中自由、平等和公平(或正义)就是基本的价值取向。然而,这三种价值取向并不是完全等值的。 公平作为人们最高的价值理想不仅区别于自由和平等,而且包涵着自由和平等。或者毋宁说,正是自由和平等构成了公平的两个不可或缺的内容。 公平所包涵的自由的内容,我们可以把它叫做机会平等的公平(也有的学者称之为起点的公平);公平所包涵的平等的内容,我们可以把它叫做结果平等的公平(也有的学者称之为结果的公平)。 所谓机会平等的公平,指的是人们应该具有充     

从矛盾到和谐:社会保障制度发展中公平与效率的博弈

对公平和效率关系的把握与处理,一直是人类社会发展的永恒主题,也是社会保障制度的核心命题.社会保障制度的发展史是一部公平与效率价值取向的博弈史,公平与效率始终是社会保障制度设计中需要考虑的主要问题.各国社会保障制度的发展历程说明社会保障制度需要围绕公平与效率关系的调整而不断改革与完善,最终达到公平与效率的统一.     

当代中国社会公平思想的传统文化基础探析

在中国传统文化的社会理想之中,社会公平的价值追求是其精神内核,体现了中国传统文化的重要价值取向.当今中国社会公平理想是一个十分庞杂的体系,既有社会主义公平正义核心价值内核,也有传统社会公平思想观念的"遗存".当代中国社会公平思想是对中国传统社会理想的提升和转化,要以传统伦理价值为底蕴和支撑,实现对传统社会公平文化心理的接续和超越.     

效率or公平：中国教育政策价值取向的反思

效率和公平是教育决策和教育发展必须同时兼顾的两个基本目标，但中国不同时期的教育政策并没有很好地处理二者之间的关系．公平唯一或效率至上的价值取向使两者的发展在不同阶段上都不同程度地受阻。我们应该重新审视教育公平和效率之间的关系，从影响教育公平与效率的诸多因素出发，实现二者的统一协调发展。     

维护公平正义视野下的社会建设

党的十八大报告表明,加强社会建设既是中国特色社会主义“五位一体”总体布局的重要组成部分,又是社会和谐稳定的重要保证、全面建成小康社会的必然要求。公平正义是社会建设的核心价值取向,而社会建设是维护公平正义的重要手段。社会建设的过程就是制度创新的过程,其实质就是要通过社会政策和社会制度来维护和实现社会公平正义,即教育公平、就业公平、收入分配公平、社会保障公平、医疗公平,让全体人民特别是让社会弱势群体共享社会发展的成果。     

关于效率与公平关系的思考

效率与公平是与一定的生产力水平相适应,并随社会生产力的变化发展而变化发展的,是与时俱进的历史性范畴。效率从一般意义上说,它是关于人的活动的功能状况。对效率的衡量,就是通过人们的活动与成果的比较,是人们活动中的投入与产出的比较。究其实质,效率应归属于生产力范畴的,它是生产力状况的表现。而公平是一个指向性相当宽泛的价值评判范畴。它主要是人们对社会生活中人与人之间的各种关系的认识和评价,合理性是公平的内在根据。在社会生活中,公平具体化为两种形态,即作为人们的价值取向的观念形态和根据人们对公平的认识关系而建立起来…     

论公共行政体制改革面临的文化支撑缺失问题

随着"新公共行政运动"的兴起,政府改革取向现代公共行政的发展已成为全球趋势。当前我国取向现代公共行政的政府改革,在行政传统和价值理念上缺乏现代公共行政体制运行所必需的文化支撑,其中最主要的表现在缺乏现代公共行政所需要的文化理念、制度理性和公平意识。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.