Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories Among African Americans: A Comparison of Elites and Masses*

Objective. Several studies have reported a widespread belief in conspiracy theories among African Americans. Such theories have been shown to have possible deleterious effects, especially when they deal with HIV/AIDS. It has been conjectured that African‐American elites could play a role in dispelling these beliefs, unless, of course, they believe in these theories themselves. To examine this possibility the present study examines the conspiratorial beliefs of African‐American locally elected officials in Louisiana and compares them with a previous study of African‐American churchgoers in the same state. Methods. A systematic sample of 400 African‐American locally elected officials was drawn from a list of all African‐American elected officials in the state and 170 officials completed and returned the mail survey. Confirmatory factor analysis and OLS regression were used to analyze the attitude structure and determinants of beliefs, respectively. Results. The locally elected officials believe in these theories as much as the churchgoers and the structures of their beliefs are also very similar. In some very important ways, however, the predictors of these beliefs differ between the two samples. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that beliefs in conspiracy theories are widespread and that African‐American locally elected officials will not seek to dispel these beliefs.     

全球化语境中的汉语批评

首先 ,指出文化全球化的基本特征 ,包括胜者通吃、雁行模式、超级裁判和单向对话等 ;其次 ,对文化全球化进行实质分析 ,它是把某种地域文化放大为全球文化的代表 ,以此来统领其他地域文化 ,并且各地域文化要以它作为参照 ;再次 ,明确汉语批评作为我们的文化策略 ,它所追求的旨向和目标 ,包括立足于汉语文化本位、倡导问题意识以及追求文化的原创性。汉语批评作为一个命题的提出 ,往前回溯 ,包含了 2 0世纪中国学人的思考 ;往后展望 ,它有赖于今后中国学者的建设性工作     

中国语境中的文艺美学

本文认为 ,文艺美学在中国包含三个方面 ,是一种理论话语 ,一种学术建构 ,一种文化现象 ,话语形式受到学科逻辑和文化逻辑相互纠缠的结果 ,二者的矛盾造成文艺美学从产生到现在的话语现象。从而可以理解文艺美学虽然在逻辑上矛盾重重而在学术上仍然十分活跃。     

从准《草堂诗余》初选本蠡测文人“曲化”词之文本标准

<草堂诗余>初选本之首要功能是坊间流行的音乐唱本,其中所涉文人词理应具有流行音乐之特质,我们理应认同其在流行音乐文学视野内的存在状态.通过对准<草堂诗余>初选本所选词人情况及题材分类情况的具体考察,可推知作为流行音乐化的词所具有的文本特点,即:流行音乐化的词人有其独特构成;流行音乐化的词不仅重婉约,不排斥诗化与豪放但力拒骚雅;作为流行音乐化的词其实际功用很强,将词视为恋情相思与闲情逸趣的同义语是不准确的;流行音乐化的词对题材的思想深度与文学意蕴要求不高;若想当然地以为<草堂诗余>因为是流行唱本,则充斥着淫靡之音的话,那是误解.     

浅析中国道教对越南宗教信仰的影响

作为与中国山水相连的邻邦,越南受到了汉文化的巨大影响。中国的本土宗教道教对越南的宗教形成发展及民族文化有着深刻的影响,并且这种影响延续到了今天。了解中国道教对越南宗教信仰的影响,是人们了解和研究越南文化一个不可或缺的重要内容,这将有助于进一步了解越南。     

Parenting Discrepancy and Child Development in Chinese Context

Although parent–child discrepant perception of the family has been increasingly noted in the west, pertinent research is limited in Chinese societies. In addition, prior pertinent studies predominantly treated parent–child discrepant effects as independent of the general and aggregate family context, which are in fact inseparable. Furthermore, these studies tended to either look at the positive side of child outcomes or those negative ones. The present study, based on a community sample of 223 Chinese parent–child dyads, attempted to examine effects of parent–child discrepancy in effective parenting practices on both children’s positive, i.e. self-control and other perspective taking behavior, and negative outcomes, i.e. internalizing and externalizing problems, directly or indirectly through the mediator of children’s self-concept at the aggregate effective parenting context. Results largely support harmful effects of parent–child discrepancy in effective parenting on the child outcomes directly or indirectly through children’s self-concept. Besides, aggregate effective parenting practices are found to robustly contribute to the child outcomes directly and indirectly through children’s self-concept, even taking parent–child discrepant effects into account. What’s more important, the former is significantly moderated by the latter for its effects on the child outcomes, explicating the conditional nature of parent–child discrepant effects on child development. Contributions and implications of the current study applied in Chinese culture as well as future study directions are also discussed.     

Social Work Ideologies in the Probation Service

Summary The research described in this paper was an attempt to exploresome aspects of social work ideology in the probation service.We were particularly interested to identify the extent to whichprobation officers subscribed to certain ‘treatment model’assumptions about criminal behaviour. The project was designedas a small-scale study in depth of probation officers' socialinquiry practices. The data-collection methods used for thiswere a combination of depth interviews with probation officerswho also completed self-administered questionnaires. We foundthat some probation officers appeared to subscribe to ‘treatmentmodel‘ ideals more than others, but that all probationofficers were treatment orientated towards some of their casesand not to others. Their treatment preferences seems to relateto the seriousness of the offender's criminal history and personalproblems and the recommendation that was being made. Some ofthe implications of these findings for social work practicewere discussed.     

The Concept of Legal Practice in the Chinese Context

Legal practice comprises the normative activities of constructing and maintaining social order with the aim of achieving equity and justice. In terms of content, it can be divided into three categories: intellectual legal practice, normative legal practice, and applied legal practice. As an important factor supporting legal practice, legal theory has a complex interactive relationship with legal practice. The effect of legal theory on legal practice is realized through the intermediary, carrier and bridging functions of the rationality, wisdom and ideas of legal practice. Developing the concept of the ideal legal life is the inherent mission and method of legal practice thought.     

中国社会文化背景下社会网络资本的测量

本文提出了一套由网络规模、网顶、网差、网络异质性、网络的密度所构成的社会网络资本的测量模型。基于2003年和2006年中国综合社会调查数据,借助结构方程模型的方法,验证了这个测量模型在中国社会文化背景下具有良好的信度和效度;同时,也说明了春节拜年网是测量中国人社会网络资本的有效工具。     

"全球化"语境中的中国文学问题

中国文学走向世界,必须从既往的历史积淀中反求诸己.过去我们没有把全世界读者看作是"服务对象".对外国平民百姓来说,并不都是因为意识形态不同而拒斥中国文学,主要还在于我们的作品所描写的内容和题材,是否具有更广泛的全人类性,是否能让他们通过观赏文艺达到一种相互了解和心灵沟通.当前文学失序的状态和创作群体的多极化、多元化,是这种大视野的"全民文艺"观的明证.也是文学大获发展的一个非常好的契机.文学批评的政治标准可以简化为一种法律,如作家所写的题材和内容不违法,艺术性就上升到衡量该作品标准的第一位了.我们要求文艺作品的最高境界,是思想与艺术、内容与形式的完美结合.当这种最高标准难以达到时,一种急功近利的捷径,常常代替艺术创造的艰苦努力.今天有些作品"思想大于形象",主题设置模式化、概念化,迷信"题材决定"论,重思想型写作而轻艺术型写作,都可能与受"政治标准第一"的曲解和误导有关.     

中国人的信仰认同模式以儒教信仰为中心

英语中的“宗教”,就西方基督教而言,是一种制度宗教;汉语中的“宗教”,则不一定指称宗教制度。中国儒教当然不等同于西方语义中的制度宗教,但无疑是一种具有宗教特征的信仰结构。杨庆堃所谓“扩散宗教”的概念,与本文讨论的中国“信仰”,及其在权力秩序和制度宗教之外那种私人、扩散式的信仰认同模式非常相似。为此,本文把儒教的信仰认同模式作为个人信仰与他人信仰、儒教信徒与其他社会成员的互动结果,并以信仰“认同”作为儒教的行动单位,同时亦作为一种分析工具,经由对儒教信仰认同规则的考察,讨论儒教信仰及其信仰群体的建构逻辑,进而分析儒教信仰经纬中中国社会的模式及其演变路径。     

The World Implications of the ＂Chinese Road＂ in the Context of Globalization

中国建国60年来和改革开放30年来所取得的巨大成就,使世界热衷于讨论是否存在某种“中国模式”或“北京共识”。“模式”包含着两层含义,一是发展道路的独特性,二是发展道路的可输出性和可效仿性。从前一层含义上来看,中国的发展的确创造出了一个独特的中国模式。中国发展道路是在中国人追求民族独立和现代化的历史背景下,在最终选择了马克思主义的条件下而实现的,其本质就是选择走社会主义道路而拒绝资本的扩张和奴役。全球化伴随着全球资本力量的无限膨胀,世界政治、经济都沦于世界资本主义的奴役之下,中国的发展道路正是在这个背景下显示出其独特性。同时,中国也不会向外输出自己的发展模式,通过对和谐、平等和多样性的追求,中国道路的成功将改变现有国际规则和全球发展观念。中国道路在全球化时代中具有世界性的意义。     

在启蒙的地平线上--关于中国语境中的现代性问题的对话

近年来,作为中国近代思想启蒙的五四运动越来越受到人们的批评和质疑,如何站在历史高度正确看待五四运动已成为一个重要的学术问题。首先,我们要采取事实分析的而不是情绪化和观念化的态度;其次,我们既要看到五四精英所具有的历史局限性,又要看到他们的历史贡献;再次,对五四运动的不同态度实质上是对中国传统文化与现代性的关系的不同理解,即中国传统文化是否适合现代社会的问题。对于这个问题,有两种不同的观点:一种观点强调现代性的建构必须有传统文化资源参与其中才能成功,也即“全球化”必须“本土化”;另一种观点认为,现代性作为一套普世化的文化模式和价值观念,是与地方性文化截然不同的体系,地方性文化对现代性只能产生阻滞作用。     

汉语语境中的审美现代性问题

本文试图突破将中国等同于传统、将西方等同于现代的学术范式,以中国近代文学中的浪漫主义为主要考察对象,从浪漫主义与审美现代性的密切关联入手,揭示了审美现代性在汉语语境中产生的文化渊源、具体内涵、历史意义。以此说明审美现代性问题不仅仅是西方独特的文化现象,而且也是内在于中国美学发展的历程之中的。而在考察中国审美现代性问题的时候,就不应该仅从西方着眼,还应该考虑到中国文学自身因素,不仅要看到中国浪漫主义作家所受到的外国文化的影响,还应该注意到本民族文化的传承性在现代作家身上所发挥的作用以及所表现出的文化姿态。     

探寻中国法律传统语境下"法治"的意义

本文从思想史的角度解析了"法治"一词的内在含义,并重点解构了"法治"现象的社会一政治结构.在此基础上,作者考察了中国古代法律传统,认为中国古代法治与西方现代法治存在结构上的差异.最后,作者分析了当下中国法学几个热点命题,揭示出这些法治命题所存在的理论缺陷.     

风险意识：精神实质与中国语境

风险社会是全球化时代不可避免的际遇,我们生活在“风险社会”中。风险意识是生活在“风险社会”中的当代人最需要具备的意识观念。风险意识的精神实质是批判与超越意识。既是建构现代秩序的动力,也是规避因现代性内在冲突而带来的危险的自我批判的精神形式。对现代性处于生成之中的我国而言,在全球风险社会时代,更需要树立风险意识,并在对工业化的现代化的批判和超越之中建设现代化。我们需要引入现代性的精神和制度,又需要批判与超越现代性;要清楚地看到风险的全球化对我们的影响,又要承担起自己的责任,避免风险的威胁。     

公民不服从的宪政意义及其中国语境

公民不服从是实现宪政平衡的重要力量。但公民不服从概念及其理论是纯粹西方式的,其前提、理论基础等来自西方。我国目前尚未完全具备采行公民不服从的前提,也未建立起充分完善的相关理论。因此,我国当前不宜采行公民不服从。     

本土化境遇下中国叙事学的借鉴创新与思考

中国叙事学对西方叙事学的借鉴体现在对叙事结构、叙事时空、叙事视角、叙事人物、叙事事体和叙事作者等思维框架的运用上。在中国诗学的基础上,创生出了叙事发生、叙事意向、叙事技巧、叙事音律等具有中国特色的新范畴,丰富了中国叙事学理论。未来中国叙事学发展要深入挖掘中华优秀传统文化中丰富的文本资源、拓展方法论研究范式、融合后经典叙事学理论。     

政治和谐视野下当代中国公民政治参与意识的培育

政治和谐构成了当代中国政治发展的目标指向。培育公民政治参与意识是实现政治和谐的重要手段。政治和谐的内在意蕴促生了政治参与意识的发展;和谐政治文化蕴含着政治参与意识培育的生成要素;政治参与意识的培育体现了和谐发展的运行机制。     

The Efficacy of a Community-Based Project in a Chinese Context

In this paper, the authors report the results of an exploratory study which assessed the service efficacy of a collaborative service initiative developed by a university academic department and a community-based social service agency in a socially deprived and remote community in Hong Kong. The project aimed to foster mutual help and self-help of low-income families and deepen their social connection with the community. Service efficacy was assessed using a structured questionnaire and a focus group interview. After participating in the service project, the well-being of the participants has become better and their family relationships have improved. They have developed a stronger sense of belonging toward the community. The preliminary findings support the importance of creating social network in social work practice for low-income families residing in a deprived and remote neighborhood.