Public Choices Between Life Saving Programs: The Tradeoff Between Qualitative Factors and Lives Saved

In a telephone survey 1000 adults were confronted with pairs of life saving programs that differed in number of lives saved and asked which program in each pair they would choose to implement. Respondents were also asked to rate qualitative program characteristics on 10 point scales. For most respondents, lives saved are significant in explaining program choices, as are psychological risk characteristics. The rate of technical substitution between these characteristics and lives saved is, however, inelastic. It is noteworthy that for about 20 percent of respondents, choices among programs appear to be insensitive to lives saved.     

Target Rules for Public Choice Economies on Tree Networks and in Euclidean Spaces

We consider the problem of choosing the location of a public facility either (a) on a tree network or (b) in a Euclidean space. (a) (1996) characterize the class of target rules on a tree network by Pareto efficiency and population-monotonicity. Using Vohra's (1999) characterization of rules that satisfy Pareto efficiency and replacement-domination, we give a short proof of the previous characterization and show that it also holds on the domain of symmetric preferences. (b) The result obtained for model (a) proves to be crucial for the analysis of the problem of choosing the location of a public facility in a Euclidean space. Our main result is the characterization of the class of coordinatewise target rules by unanimity, strategy-proofness, and either replacement-domination or population-monotonicity.     

论医疗服务的公共属性和社会属性

本文运用公共政策和社会政策的基本原理分析了医疗服务的性质。纵观我国医疗服务体制改革的有关政策措施,总体上缺乏对医疗服务的性质的明确认识。这种认识上的偏差导致了医疗服务政策从指导思想到具体规则的种种问题,同时更导致了医疗服务实践既缺乏效率也缺乏公正。本文通过对医疗服务性质的分析,论证了医疗服务的一部分属于公共服务,另一部分属于社会服务。     

公共治理视角下的城市管理

城市管理过程中"人、物"分离是导致城市管理效能低下的制度成因。本文从公共治理的视角解读城市管理的内涵,以北京数字化城市管理模式为案例,探索以数字化人口管理监督平台为载体,实现城市管理与社会管理的有效对接,通过制度创新,将公共治理理念落实在城市管理的实践之中。     

Correlation Between Property Units and Governance Units: Based on the Logic of Rural Governance in China

Strong correlations exist between property rights and governance. Such correlations are embodied in and measured through organizational units, and can therefore be examined in depth through such units. The correlation between a property unit and a governance unit is mainly expressed in symmetry: if the symmetry is strong, both perform better; if it is weak, both perform poorly. The symmetry between organizational units is mainly determined and influenced by structural equilibrium, equivalence of levels, suitability of scale, completeness of boundaries, correspondence between functions and rights, and endogeneity of unit construction. Of these six factors, structural equilibrium, equivalence of levels and suitability of scale are determining factors; completeness of boundaries and correspondence between functions and rights are influencing factors derived from the former three and playing important roles in certain cases; and endogeneity of unit construction is an external conditional influencing factor. The separate or combined effects of these six factors impact upon and determine the symmetry among units, and thus influence property rights, governance performance and developmental modes.     

主体——主体思维方式与公共治理

主体-主体的思维方式是在对主体-客体思维方式批判的基础上,伴随着主体间性哲学的兴起和发展而形成的.主体-客体思维方式在充分张扬人的主体性,推动科学技术发展的同时,也带来了一系列的主体性问题.由于主体-客体的思维方式的极端化导致公共权力被滥用,政府和社会公众的关系扭曲.主体问性哲学引发了人类思维方式的变革,主体-客体思维方式的核心地位正在被主体-主体思维方式所取代.主体-主体思维方式昭示了许多新的理念,推动了公共治理方式的演变.新的治理方式强调通过政府和社会公众的平等交往,重塑政府和社会公众关系,提升政府的公信力和合法性.     

Body Mass Index,Demographic and Socioeconomic Risk,and Protective Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Among Six Groups of Foreign-Born Asian Americans

ABSTRACT. This study examined the association of body mass index (BMI), demographic variables, and self-reported type 2 diabetes among Chinese, Filipino, South Asian, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese adults. A sample of 3,204 Asian American respondents born outside of the United States was selected from the 2007 California Health Interview Survey. Logistic regression was used to estimate the relationships between BMI, age, sex, marital status, education, poverty level, years in the United States and self-reported type 2 diabetes. The findings revealed that Koreans had the lowest prevalence for type 2 diabetes and South Asians had the highest. Type 2 diabetes had a statistically significant association with BMI and demographic variables but varied across ethnic groups. Due to sampling variations, no meaningful results were found in the Filipino and Japanese samples. BMI and older age are common risk factors for type 2 diabetes among Asians, but whether sex, marital status, education, and years in the United States are risk factors varies among ethnic groups. Culturally specific prevention programs for type 2 diabetes are important for Asian Americans. Given the diversity of cultures and demographic and socioeconomic factors across the Asian American populations, future research should not combine all ethnic Asian groups into 1 sample.     

"两山"理念的公共价值治理内涵与地方治理现代化

"两山"理念具有深刻的价值内涵,从公共价值治理视角来看,作为国家治理现代化的重要理念,其实质就是公共价值治理.具体可从三个方面理解:一是明确发展的"绿水青山"价值取向及"绿水青山就是金山银山"的公共价值创造,实现发展理念从工具理性到价值理性转变;二是协调不同发展理念及多元治理主体价值冲突,构建国家发展治理的伦理价值排序;三是促进多元治理主体的积极性和价值互动,激发政府等主体公共价值生产及创造能力等."两山"理念是国家治理理念现代化的一个重要标志,构成我国治理现代化的顶层指向,为地方治理现代化提供新的视野、路径及价值坐标.推动"两山"理念公共价值治理在地方的实践,需要确立"两山"理念作为地方治理的价值共识和公共价值创造目标;完善多元主体参与协商的治理格局,为"绿水青山"公共价值目标寻求广泛支持;建立能够推动"两山"理念公共价值创造的相关组织机构及运行机制等.     

Factors Impacting Market Occupancy of Non‐profit Human Service Organizations in the Public Social Service Market: Focused on an Individual Level

This study aims to experientially verify which factors of non‐profit human service organizations affect market sharing activities in the public social service market. Due to market‐oriented government policies, non‐profit human service organizations, which used to enjoy stable financial resources, are now placed in a competitive position to provide their services. It is necessary to find out which organizational factors give a competitive advantage to various service providers in competition, including profit organizations, and apply them to the management and operation of non‐profit human service organizations. This is how this study started. Independent variables were organizational characteristics (organization age, total budget, number of employees), externally oriented culture (development culture, rational culture), and organizational structure (centralization, formalization), while dependent variables were the number of vouchers and total profits. Data was collected from 35 community welfare centers, rehabilitation centers, and senior centers (163 respondents) in Busan, Korea. Multiple regression analysis was conducted for data analysis. As a result of the analysis, the number of vouchers was found to be affected by development culture (+) and formalization (?), and total profit from voucher business was determined by organization age (?), total budget (+), and number of employees (+). Based on the results, this study suggests that non‐profit human service organizations should have an externally oriented culture and a flexible organization system to hold more market share in the public social service market.     

论公众参与公共气象服务的重要意义

公共气象服务属于公共事务,涉及广大社会公众的共同利益,公益性是公共气象服务的本质属性之一,公众参与公共气象服务具有内在的合理性和必然性。当前我国公众参与公共气象服务存在着地方气象部门对公众参与公共气象服务重视程度不够,公众参与公共气象服务的领域不宽,公众参与公共气象服务的水平不高等问题。公众参与是我国建设服务型政府的必然要求,公众参与公共气象服务的意义在于：保障公众的气象权,提高公共气象服务的公众满意度;提供服务信息,实现公共气象服务的最终目标;维护公共利益,有效防止气象部门的权力垄断;增进理解互信,共同面对气象预报风险;扩展均等服务,促进社会的稳定与和谐。     

Private Passions, the Public Good and Public Service Reform

There has been considerable recent discussion of the impact of public service reforms on the work ethics and motivations of public service workers. In this article we draw upon recent research on the ethical dilemmas facing regeneration workers in order to look more closely at the role of values in the working lives of public service professionals. Focusing on the commitment to social justice, we argue that such values find expression in two interlinked ways, as something workers have and as a process of giving value to different goods. Our research reveals that while both aspects of values are rooted in people's life experiences the second dimension is more contingent and relational. While public service reforms appear to have less impact upon workers’ pregiven values, they can and do have an impact on the way in which these values find expression in attachment to different goods. To understand the effect of such reform processes on workers’ motivations we therefore need a more complex conceptual framework than that provided by either simple public sector ethos/private sector ethos distinctions or by models of economic individualism offered by writers such as Julian Le Grand.     

浅谈社区公共服务的概念

社区公共服务是社区服务主体,在以人为本理念指导下,为了满足社区的公共需求,为全体社区居民提供的社会公共服务。对社区公共服务的含义进行探讨,不仅有利于社区公共服务实践的发展,也能够在一定意义上推动社区公共服务理论的发展;同时,社区公共服务概念的提出及其理论研究的发展,是在社会学、社会政策、社会工作、社区发展、公共管理等学科或理论界域内的本土化理论成果的具体体现。     

The South Australian Housing Trust: A Socioeconomic Case Study in Public Housing

The cost structure of Australian public housing authorities and its implications for the social administrative side of public housing operations is examined through a study of the South Australian Housing Trust. The importance of the pooled debt burden for lowering costs to well below private market levels is indicated. The sales policy is examined and it is argued that the sale of public housing into owner occupation is a major exacerbating factor in the high cost of rental rebating and in unbalancing the social mix among public housing tenants. The implications of the 1978 Commonwealth State Housing Agreement for the South Australian Housing Trust are briefly examined.     

Who participates? Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Women's Participation in Voluntary Groups

Participation in voluntary groups is potentially an important way to create health promoting social capital. This paper investigates women's participation in voluntary groups, utilising data from a postal survey of 968 female respondents and in‐depth interviews with 30 women. Logistic regression was conducted to examine factors associated with frequency of women's group involvement. Not working full time, living in a married relationship, and having a university education were all significantly associated with regular involvement. The qualitative data further illustrated some of the ways in which these three factors were linked with women's involvement in groups. We conclude that women who were able to regularly participate were those who already enjoyed levels of social and economic privilege. Policies to promote social capital via participation might focus on identifying what types of group involvement benefit women's health, and increasing the accessibility of such groups to include diverse groups of women.     

城市社区公共服务的完善与改革——以上海市普陀区长寿路街道为例证

加强和完善城市社区公共服务职能是贯彻、落实"以人为本"执政理念,进一步推动行政体制改革,建立公共服务型政府,维护社会和谐稳定的重要内容.当前,我国特大型城市在社区公共服务建设方面已经进行了诸多探索,出台了许多举措,其经验值得总结,不足需要归纳.本文以个案、抽样为研究方法,在总结经验,归纳不足的基础上认为,应当在树立与更新理念,建立需求与供给信息收集与反馈机制、提高服务效率,改进服务设施与机构设置,改进服务方式与方法,建立科学、弹性的绩效评估体系以及培育和强化非政府公共服务职能六个方面,进行完善、改革.     

通过合同的治理——论公用事业特许契约中的普遍服务条款

公用事业民营化的同时,必须要求企业履行普遍服务义务,即保障持续可用的以及用得起的基本公共服务,防止国家责任"避难至私法".普遍服务作为一个概括的努力义务,需要通过特许契约中具体条款的设计,转化为政府与企业之间实体权利义务的配置.在内容上,普遍服务条款包括平等接入、持续供应、质量与安全、合理计费四个方面.实践中,政府的融资冲动容易造成具体条款的缺失,而契约双方--行政机关与特许企业之间紧密的伙伴式商谈关系,则可能造成条款的执行力弱.因此,在监管体制的设计上,完善消费者利益代表和设立行政体制内的第三方仲裁机制,可能是更为功能取向的答案.     

公共安全治理的理论范式评述与实践整合

基于行动—结构—系统的视角,就公共安全治理提炼出行为理性、社会结构、风险社会三种不同但又密切关联的理论研究范式,从而提出与"器物本质安全"相对应的"社会本质安全"概念,藉此进一步厘清"标本兼治"中的"标"与"本",一方面解构转型社会公共安全治理实践的迷思,一方面指导安全治本实践。理论范式的实践整合在于标本兼治,更在于社会本质安全建设与治理,实质在于社会建设。     

公益广告规范伦理价值及其实现路径

随着公益广告近年来的蓬勃发展,其伦理道德方面的教育功能日益受到关注.将公益广告纳入规范伦理视野进行全新解读,并对其伦理价值实现的路径进行深入探讨成为了传播学者的重要课题.通过对大量公益广告作品的整理分析,我们发现引导个人行为规范、倡导承担道德责任、健全社会规范体系、宣传公共生活规则、呼唤规范伦理精神回归等五方面是公益广告范伦理价值所在.为确保公益广告规范伦理价值的顺利实现,在公益广告的实践操作中应通过提高创意质量,提升制作水平、开展社区公益广告、加快出台<公益广告法>、建立公益广告资源数据库、搭建全国性公益广告联播平台、探索中国特色公益广告运作模式等方式来实现公益广告规范伦理价值的最大化.