Wang Yangming''''s School and the Theory of Gongfu and Benti

Benti(originalnature)andgongfu(virtueattainedbyperfection)arecategoriesfrequentlyusedbySongandMingdynastyNeo-Confucianscholars,especiallybytheschoolofWangYangming.ThesetermsdefineoneaspectoftheYangmingschool'suniqueness,andarefurthermorethepointofdeparturefordivisionandchangewithintheschool.Thisarticleattemptstoprovideapreliminarydiscussionoftherelationshipbetweenthecategoriesofbentiandgongfuandthecategoryofti-yong(substance-function),WangYangming'stheoryofbentiandgongfu,andtheprocessofdivi…     

The Nationwide Symposium on Zhang Zai's Philosophy and the Guanzhong School

ThissymposiumwasheldAugust21-24,1991inMeixiancounty,Shaanxiprovince,thehometownofthisNorthernSongdynastyphilosopher.CosponsoredbytheShaanxiProvincialAssociationofSocialSciences,thePhilosophySocietyandlocalorganizations,includingtheParty'scountycommittde,t…     

The Idea of a University and School Management in Accordance with Law

In the last two or three years,therehas been a growing chorus of criticism ofhigher education for a variety of reasons.This forces us to face the question squarelyand give to serious thought to solutions forthe problems that exist in this field.1.Society has become concerned aboutthe unfair distribution of educationalopportunity.Differences in educational op-portunity have aroused a strong sense of dis-satisfaction in society at large.However,these differences are not created by univer-sities …     

Smith College School for Social Work and Combat‐Related Trauma: Allegiance,Scholarship, and Commitment

The Smith College School for Social Work (SCSSW) was founded for the purpose of treating soldiers returning from World War I who suffered from shell shock, conditions that are now described as combat‐related trauma. As history evolved, America found itself embroiled in World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and contemporary conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. With each conflict clinical social workers have played a pivotal role in the care of active‐duty soldiers and returning veterans. This article explores the School's historical contribution to the treatment of combat‐related trauma through its curriculum, theoretical perspectives, and endorsement of different treatment paradigms over the last century. The earlier decades and Vietnam–era time involvement of the SCSSW in clinical social work practice with service members and their families is of particular interest. Specific recommendations are offered to the School that may benefit those practitioners entering the field of combat‐related trauma.     

Cultural Outlook of the Late-Qing Guocui School

TheGuocui(NationalQuintessence)school,representedbysuchpeopleasZhangTaiyan,LiuShipei,DengShi,andHuangJie,wasnotonlyaradicalanti-Manchurevolutionaryschool,butascholarlybodytakinguponitselfthetaskofrevitalizingChineseculture.KnownastheGuocuischoolbecausetheyadvocateddistinctiveculturaltheoriesanddemands,theybecameprominentduringtheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury,andenjoyedwidespreadinfluence.Ⅰ.NationalQuintessence,NationalStudies,NationalSoulGuocui(NationalQuintessence),Guoxue(NationalStud…     

School Consolidation: Whither China's Rural Education?

The School Consolidation Policy in the 1990s significantly impacted Chinese rural compulsory education and Chinese rural communities. Although this policy has been involved in many negative news reports, there is a lack of scientific research on it. To address the research gap, this paper first delineates the evolution of this policy, which was formed to balance the disparity between urban and rural education, accelerated by rural financial reformation and aborted due to various emerging problems. It then discusses the educational problems caused by the policy including misallocated resources, poor quality, rising costs, student safety issues, high dropout rate, and lost rural culture heritage. Through the analyses, this paper provides a clear picture of the development of Chinese rural education, and offers implications for improving educational policy, promoting educational quality, and securing educational rights of students in rural China.     

Unexpected Pathways Through Education: Why Do Some Students Not Succeed in School and What Helps Others Beat the Odds?

In this overview of Volume 64, Issue 1, of the Journal of Social Issues , we describe why it is important to consider the diversity of student pathways through time and in context and why it is important to focus particularly on youth who defy predictions. We describe the ways in which expectations are formed in statistical analysis and also in real-world education systems and how the structural rigidity inherent in such systems can lead to poor person–environment fit for young people in education or training and to misleading statistical analysis. Our intention is to move beyond analytic approaches that assume "one size fits all" while recognizing both that policy cannot provide fully individualized environments for everyone and that research cannot focus only on the unique characteristics of each individual. By focusing on individuals for whom our models typically do not apply, we highlight the value of research on complex but meaningful patterns of commonality among people, not in terms of the average person or effects, but in terms of coherent, distinct, and relatively homogenous subgroups of people experiencing systematic and consequential differences in their lives and lifepaths .     

Debating New Zealand’s foreign relations: the role and impact of the University of Otago Foreign Policy School 1966–1976

For over half a century, the internationally recognised University of Otago Foreign Policy School has annually drawn together a mix of government officials, diplomats, academics, students and members of the general public to discuss issues of international significance. This article considers the establishment of the Foreign Policy School, and analyses its impact on the formulation and implementation of foreign policy between 1966 and 1976. Michelle Hale Williams’ conceptual model is employed to assess the School’s influence on public and political debate. It is argued the School’s influence was directly and most clearly evident at what Williams defines as the agendas and institutional levels. There was a gradual but definite shift in New Zealand’s foreign policy outlook between the mid-1960s and mid-1970s, which is reflected in questions raised and discussed by the School. Public engagement with foreign policy questions, in which the School played an enabling role, was also transformed in the course of this period. The School rapidly became an important forum for foreign policy discussions between groups that had previously had little interaction. This article shows that, while it generated few concrete results at the level of policy, the School certainly played a part in helping to foster a national world-view that was increasingly based on New Zealand values and interests, paving the way for the emergence of a more independent foreign policy.     

School Readiness of Children of Immigrants: Does Parental Involvement Play a Role?*

Objectives. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey—Kindergarten Cohort, this article analyzes the link between parental involvement and the school readiness of children of immigrants. Methods. Multivariate regression models estimate the association between parental involvement and the school readiness in English proficiency and math scores of children of immigrants. They also estimate the impact of this association on the gap in math scores between children of immigrants and children of natives. Results. Results demonstrate that parental involvement is associated with an increase in the level of English proficiency for children of immigrants. Parental involvement also is associated with a decrease in the gap in math scores between immigrant children from English‐ and non‐English‐speaking backgrounds. Parental involvement decreases the gap in math scores between children of immigrants and children of the native born by a third of a standard deviation. Conclusion. Given that parental involvement appears to benefit children of immigrants and given that they have lower academic achievement than children of the native born, these findings suggest that parental involvement policies and practices targeting children of immigrants could help decrease the academic achievement gap between children of immigrants and children of the native born.     

Exceptions to High School Dropout Predictions in a Low-Income Sample: Do Adults Make a Difference?

Adult–child relationship factors were examined to determine whether they differentiated between individuals who follow expected versus unexpected educational pathways. Low-income participants (96 men, 83 women) in the United States were followed from birth through age 23. Individuals were identified who followed expected versus unexpected pathways to high school graduation or dropping out based on academic achievement and behavioral problems. Patterns of parental involvement in school were significantly different between expected dropouts and unexpected graduates in middle childhood. In contrast, expected graduates had higher levels of parent involvement in middle childhood, more supportive parent–child relationships in early adolescence, and higher levels of social competence with adults than unexpected dropouts .     

Stemming inequality? Employment and pay of female and minority scientists and engineers

When white men overwhelmingly dominated the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) work force, the high pay in STEM occupations was a major source of gender and race inequality in the U.S. economy. As women, Blacks, and Latinos increasingly study STEM fields, new possibilities for achieving pay equality are opening. We test whether the reality matches the promise using two large data sets. Analysis of a five percent Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) of the 2000 Census and the 2001-06 American Community Surveys shows that women and minorities earn more, relative to comparable white men, in STEM than in non-STEM fields. This general pattern persists in analysis of a 1% sample of federal personnel records, which include better measures of work experience and education. Thus, federal efforts to increase the representativeness of the STEM workforce should increase pay equality in the economy by moving women and minorities into traditionally high-paying fields.     

Historical Materialism and theGenerality and Particularity of Culture

Incurrentdiscussionsonculturalissues,someopinionscontainanunclearpresupposition;themostbasicelementforac0untry,anation0raregionisculture.Culturedistinguishesmanfromotheranimals,andvariouscountries,nationsandregionsarealsodistinguishedfromeachotherbytheirdifferentcultures.Forexample,arelativelypopularideaisthatthebasicdifferencebetweenChinaandtheWestisthattheformerhasaculturedefinedbytheunity0fnatureandman,whilethelatterhasacultureembodyingadichotomybetweensubjectandobject-Isthissuppositionten…     

Communication and Culture

Thereasonformyad0ptionofcommunicationandcultureasanimportanttopicliesinthefollowingunderstandingofculture:Cultureisacategorysymbolicofthedevelopmentalprocessandaccomplishmentsofman,andthescientificepitome0fsocietyandhistoryintermsoftheselfactualizationofmanasthesubject.Cultureinvolvesanendlessprocessofactivityandistheresultofman'sessentialpower(socialandpotential)thattakesshape,exists,accumulates,transfers,developsandfuncti0nsthroughman'spractice,inthecontinuousresolution0ftheconflictbetweensu…     

Philosophy and Freedom

“Freedom” is not an important concept in ancient Greek philosophy. The way of recognizing truth through logical inference pioneered by Parmenides determines that “nothing can be born of nothing.” Peoplecannot create things freely, nor can they bring into play their inherent dynamism; this fol- lows from Parmenides’ argument. Plato, Aristotle and others were awed by Parmenides’ philosophy and dared not comment on it. Neither Aristotle, the Cynics nor the Stoics truly recognized the ph…     

Rationality and Modernity

Defined by its philosophic implications,the term modernity refers to a complete setof ideological concepts and behavioralmodes. While promoting success in mod-ernization they show themselves as its resultin the modernization process, giving rise tothe distinctive personality of modern man anda modern society’s specific attributes in thefields of economy, politics and culture.Among them rationality is a fundamental fac-tor of modernity. A source of cognition andvalues, it is the highest expres…     

The Relationship Between Sun Yat-sen and Zhang Zuolin and the Declaration of Sun Yat-sen and Joffe

ItiswellknownthatSunYat-sen'srelationshipwithZhangZuolinwasagreatobstacletoSun'seffortstobefriendSovietRussia.IllthispaperIwillusematerialsfromtheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnion(Bolshevik)andtheCommunistInternationalthatweremadepublicin1994tostudytherelationshipbetweenSunYat-senandZhangZuolinandtheinfluenceoftheirrelationshiponthesigningoftheDeclarationOfSunYat-senandAdolfAbrahamvichJoff-ISunYat-senreturnedtoShanghaionl4Angust1922aftertherebellionlaunchedbyChenJiongming.Joffe,aspec…     

The Conflict between and Inter-mingling of Christianity and Chi-nese Culture

From their ignorance and contempt forbasic human rights and freedom of belief thediehard conservative officialdom of the Mingand Qing dynasties adopted a caustic atti-tude toward Catholic and Protestant churchesfrom the West. Undertaking long journeys,the missionaries went to China to preach thegospel. This in itself constitutes a proclama-tion to Chinese men of letters that freedomof belief itself is a cardinal hallmark in theconcept of human rights. The generousnessand benevolence shown b…     

Political Culture and Contemporary Studies of Chinese Literature and Art

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