孤残儿童社会工作中的督导本土化实践--以院舍社工服务为例

随着我国社会工作实务领域的丰富和服务的不断发展,社会工作督导本土经验的呈现和探索对提升社会工作服务质量以及发展本土社会工作服务具有非常重要的意义。孤残儿童社会工作依赖福利院社工的能力、知识和技巧,为服务对象提供高素质的服务,而社会工作督导为院内社会工作人才培育和服务发展提供保障。院舍处境下的社会工作督导需要满足院方、社工、孤残儿童三方不同需求,督导的过程和功能因被督导者专业知识和能力限制、服务对象的特殊性和工作场所的特定性需要新的解读。     

项目服务的专业逻辑：社会工作专业化的本土路径

在政府的大力推进下，我国社会工作进入专业化和职业化发展的关键时期，服务专业化的不足已成为限制本土社会工作发展的基本难题之一。本文通过对现行三大专业方法并用的专业化推行方式进行逻辑分析，以及对与本土专业化发展的内在矛盾的揭示得出：中国本土社会工作的专业化发展需要遵循项目服务专业化推进的逻辑，即以服务对象的自然生活场景为出发点，注重专业人士之间以及专业人士与非正式支持网络之间的团队工作方式，关注服务对象的能力和资源的挖掘，倡导一种预防为主的综合服务。值得注意的是，中国本土社会工作处在专业化发展的初期，与高度专业化发展的西方社会工作不同，需要学会处理与服务对象、服务合作者、服务出资者以及服务管理者的关系，保持项目服务具有针对性、转接性、整体性和累加性。只有这样，中国本土社会工作才能从“非专业”的处境中走出来，迈向专业的发展道路。     

多重需要:社会工作实践教育的现实处境——以某侨乡留守儿童社会服务为例

社会工作实践教育在社会工作教育中的地位越来越重要。但社会工作实践面临的现实处境是非常复杂的,尤其对专业社会工作发展刚起步的地方来说。本文通过对温州市某侨乡留守儿童社会服务基地建设的回顾,强调在社会工作实践教育中应回应处境中的多重需要。这些需要主要来自于政府、服务对象、督导者、学生。本文提出,要使社会工作实践教育持续地、良好地发展下去,必须平衡多种需要之间的关系。     

多重需要：社会工作实践教育的现实处境——以某侨乡留守儿童社会服务为例

社会工作实践教育在社会工作教育中的地位越来越重要。但社会工作实践面临的现实处境是非常复杂的，尤其对专业社会工作发展刚起步的地方来说。本文通过对温州市某侨乡留守儿童社会服务基地建设的回顾，强调在社会工作实践教育中应回应处境中的多重需要。这些需要主要来自于政府、服务对象、督导者、学生。本文提出，要使社会工作实践教育持续地、良好地发展下去，必须平衡多种需要之间的关系。     

本土处境与现实策略——近十年来社会工作实习教育研究文献综述

本文从本土处境与回应策略两个方面,对2000年以来中国社会工作实习教育的研究文献进行了简单梳理。研究发现,中国社会工作实习教育面临的主要困境表现在：相当一部分学生对社会工作专业缺少足够的认同和投入;缺少专业性的机构;缺乏胜任的专业性督导;服务对象及其专业需求隐性化;社会工作实习制度本身不健全、不规范。针对这些困境,回应的策略主要集中在：基本策略方针的定位、督导的改善、建立和完善实习基地、以及加强实习教学制度的规范化建设。     

西方外来移民社会工作理论与实践及对中国的启示

以外来移民为服务对象的社会工作就是外来移民社会工作.西方外来移民社会工作理论与实践主要由作为服务提供者的社会工作者及社会工作机构、 作为服务对象的外来移民和作为社会工作实践土壤的外来移民社会政策三个要素构成.它要求相关社会工作者以反压迫、 反种族主义、 反歧视视角看待外来移民和东道国主流社会、 外来移民服务对象和社会工作者之间的结构性不平等及力量不平衡.中国可以在诸多方面借鉴西方外来移民社会工作的经验.     

浅析社会工作专业实习督导的角色定位与技巧

实习是社会工作专业教学的重要环节,在社会工作的实习过程中,透过督导老师与同学在教与学的互动和连结,让学生对社会工作的价值观、相关理论和技能技巧都有机会作检视、评估及整理,并能适切地实践于助人的历程中。因此,准确把握社会工作专业督导的角色及技巧对于实习的完成至关重要。在本文中,笔者试图将近几年来担任社会工作专业实习督导的一些感受整理出来与大家分享,期望对本土处境下的中国社会工作专业化发展有所帮助。     

现阶段本土性社会工作之专业关系研究

社会工作助人实践中社会工作者和受助者之间的专业关系直接影响助人实践的成败。西方社会工作理论对专业关系有比较细致的研究和相对详尽的实务原则,现阶段的本土性社会工作则由于本土文化、专业发展阶段等因素的影响要求在实践中对专业关系的把握需要注意自身的特点。高度情感卷入、有条件的接纳、案主自决的适当介入和时间上的延展性构成现阶段本土社会工作实践专业关系的特点。社会工作者对这些特点的总结、理解和把握将推动社会工作事业的发展和制度化的建设。     

中国社会工作者对本土文化的反省——以“差序格局”为例

本文从近二十年来学界对于中国社会工作"本土化"问题的讨论中关于"本土文化与社会工作"入手,提出中国社会工作者需要在学习西方社会工作理论的过程中,重视文化对人的影响、重视中西文化差异。文章进而以"差序格局"概念对中国人我分际的理解举例,指出了中国社会工作者需要反省如何将案主行为放在本土社会脉络中进行理解,提醒中国社会工作者应加强对中国传统文化的学习理解。     

社会工作者职业伦理困境与风险:基于实践场域的多主体分析

随着中国社会工作职业化的纵深推进,越来越多的职业伦理困境和风险产生于社会工作实践当中.然而,关于我国社会工作伦理困境的研究却多以伦理理论本身作为研究对象,以哲学思辨为方法,缺乏实践案例与实证分析;与伦理困境相伴而生的职业风险也基本上被学界所忽略.因此,本研究采用多案例分析的研究方法,透过“案主一社工一机构一职业”的实践场域的多主体分析,讨论我国社会工作者所面临的社会工作伦理困境与职业风险.研究发现,以深圳、广州社工为代表的中国内地社会工作职业伦理困境,例如案主自决还是限制、隐私保密还是公开、专业服务中的私人关系等问题,多由社会工作者缺乏实践经验、专业伦理规范的模糊与缺失、案主在伦理中的主体性被忽略,以及社会工作者对伦理原则的认知误区等因素所导致.社会工作伦理困境又进一步产生出职业风险,如身心安全、行业处罚、被起诉等.社会工作者可以采用避免单独上门服务、规范服务流程、熟识相关法律政策、向资深从业者学习等策略去防范职业风险.另外行业协会与政府也需要借鉴欧美、港台先进经验,结合本土文化传统,搭建本土的伦理体系,并推动社会工作实践的法制化.     

Social Work Teachers and Social Work Practice

Summary A survey was undertaken to discover the extent to which thosesocial work teachers who teach social work methods, continueto practise after they become educators. The results suggestthat not more than 25% do so, and many of these on only a tokenbasis. Most respondents however regarded such practice as animportant aide to the teaching of social work methods, althoughsome consider consultancy roles to be equally relevant. In nocases was such practice linked with research, and only exceptionallydid employers allow time explicitly for it. We outline fourdifferent bases on which teachers might practise, all of whichwere suggested by respondents, many of whom added personal notesto the questionnaire, indicating the extent to which this subjectis a matter of wide interest and concern     

社会工作与农村社会工作的使命

从社会工作与农村社会工作发展的现状入手,论述了社会工作尤其是农村社会工作的基础、特征、使命,强调农村社会工作的实践性与反思性,在此基础上提出丰富本土社会工作知识,加强与国际社会工作的对话能力。     

A Case for Social Work Evaluation of Social Work Education

Correspondence to Imogen Taylor, Research Fellow, Department of Social Work, University of Bristol, 8 Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1TN Summary This paper discusses the importance of evaluation of socialwork education by social work researchers, particularly giventhe increasing demands from different interest groups for socialwork courses to demonstrate effectiveness. It is noted that educational researchers are dominating thefield of educational evaluation, yet it is crucial for the survivalof social work that social work education be evaluated by socialwork researchers. Both the tools and the outcome of such evaluationwill shape the future of social work education and social workitself. Recognizing that cross fertilization of ideas between disciplinesis essential, a model for social work evaluation is proposedwhich is derived from models developed by other disciplinesand integrated with social work practice theory. The resultingresearch model draws a number of parallels between researchand practice, bringing together two groups which are often distantand distinct. The model also brings researcher and user closertogether. The model is analysed in light of its applicationto the evaluation of Enquiry and Action Learning, an innovativeapproach to social work education implemented by the Departmentof Social Work, University of Bristol. Central government funding must be available to ensure systematicand rigorous evaluation of social work education rather thanthe piecemeal research possible so far.     

Social Gerontology and Social Work

Summary This paper reviews developments in the study of ageing as anindividual and social experience and it considers recent studiesof practical services for the elderly. In so doing it aims tohighlight the ways in which social work skills and helping techniquescan be developed. It also relates the findings of studies ofservice delivery to the elderly to the development of futurepolicy.     

Social Work for Social Fitness

Summary Social work has lost the perspective of social relationshipsas ends in themselves, and has become predominantly an impersonal,individualistic technology. Several interpersonal dimensionsare outlined to help fill this social value vacuum, and it issuggested that these can be held together by the concept ofsocial fitness. This is defined as the mutual development ofthe individual and his total network to a fullness of identitywhich is an end in itself and does not depend on the achievementof any other objectives. The kind of power produced by thisfitness is distinguished from power of the impersonal kind,and its meaning for social workers is discussed in relationto material need. Finally, the future development of socialwork is considered briefly in terms of promoting social fitnessthrough work with various kinds of social networks.     

Recognizing Social Work

There has been little interest until recently in the questionof whether social work has the characteristics of an academicdiscipline. This article offers a synopsis of issues arisingfrom a review of social work and social care research fundedthrough the Social Care Institute for Excellence (SCIE). Followinga brief scene setting, the first main section of the articlegives a synopsis of the social work and social care community’sexperience and judgements regarding their engagement with theresearch council. In the second part of the article, we reviewrelevant policies, structures and trends from an ESRC and socialscience perspective. We focus on the development of researchprogrammes, followed by an outline of the delivery and implementationof programmes. In the final section, we review the issues, themesand directions that emerged from the project. These includejudgements of research relevance, research users, research utilization,the social work contribution to the development of researchmethods, inter-disciplinary research, the question of whetherthere are distinctive attributes of social work research, researchcapacity, career building, priority setting, and the outcomesof social work funding bids. We also reflect on the developmentand delivery of research programmes, and the implications ofthe invisibility of social work research within the ESRC. Disciplineswithin universities are not fixed and abiding realities. ‘Recognizing’social work is a dynamic, socially negotiated process, shapedby the construction and ordering of knowledge claims withinsocial work and social science communities, and reflecting powerdifferentials that are mediated through structural mechanismsthat tend to exclude new ‘claimants’ such as socialwork. We include a number of recommendations, and suggest waysin which the issues may have relevance beyond the UK.     

Social Work Today

Correspondence to Chris Jones, Department of Social Work and Community Studies, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2TQ Summary This paper argues that over the last fifteen years social workin Britain has undergone a significant transformation. Underincreasing attack, both in the media and from government andits new right ideologues, social work has faced an increasinglyimpoverished client group with fewer resources and growing uncertaintyabout its legitimate role. In this context, legislative, administrativeand financial changes have pushed social work into an increasinglyantagonistic relationship with clients and have left it demoralizedand without a clear sense of direction. The paper looks at theway this change has come about and argues that it has profoundimplications for the future of social work in the reduced welfarestate of the 1990s.     

Calling Social Work

New Labour has promoted the use of information and communicationtechnology. Call centres are a key development in this strategyand are now in use for accessing social services. In officialpolicy, the use of call centres is presented as an aspect ofattempts to change the relationship between service users andthe purchasers and providers of services. In contrast, we suggestthat the use of call centres in social care does little to shiftthe balance of power. Call centres bring together four dimensionsof New Labour discourse: learning from the private sector, cuttingcosts, technology and consumerism. Three issues emerge fromtheir development: the undermining of social work’s senseof place; the circumscribing of service user participation;the rationalization of social workers. The call centre servesas a signifier of what, it is claimed, the combination of NewLabour’s consumerism and technology can achieve. Thissignification disguises call centres’ properties of efficiency,calculability, predictability and control. Contrary to the rhetoricthat accompanies them, call centres may be curtailing serviceuser participation, as well as delimiting the social work role.Accordingly, their use has important, but as yet largely unresearched,implications for service users and social workers.     

Defensive Social Work

Correspondence to Nigel Harris, Department of Philosophy, The University, Dundee DD1 4HN. Summary Social workers with child clients face the possibility thatsome mistake or oversight of theirs could lead to a child abusetragedy, for which they may suffer opprobrium and blighted careers.How can they guard against such risks? This paper shows howsocial workers might use different types of ‘defensive’measure to protect themselves. These parallel the types of measureused by some doctors, particularly in the United States, facedwith risks of litigation on grounds of malpractice. Becausedefensive practices have undesirable consequences, it is importantto find ways to eliminate their use by protecting social workersby other means.