国家监察体制改革的立法构想——学习习近平关于反腐败工作重要论述的启示

国家监察体制改革是关系国家反腐机制的重大改革措施,引发了社会各界的广泛关注。学界讨论的焦点问题之一便是此项改革的法律根据。按照"凡属重大改革都要于法有据"的要求,此项改革也必须纳入法治的轨道。因此,在改革试点结束之后、在全国全面铺开之前必须完成此项改革在立法上的顶层设计和配套法律制度的修改。本文从立法任务、立法的基本原则和基本路径几个方面提出了一些粗浅的构想。     

物权变动与其原因行为的区分原则

物权法草案建议稿第七条规定的“物权变动与其原因行为的区分原则”与德国法上的“分离原则”有着本质的区别。区分原则的内容实际上是合同成立生效、违约责任及物权法公示原则内容的体现。故“物权变动与其原因行为的区分原则”不宜作为我国物权法的一项基本原则     

不见“物”的物权法——物权法的裁判法性质及其专业化与纯粹化

物权法定义了"物"这一概念,但通篇却不见"物"这一民法术语,而代以"动产与不动产",体现了物权法立法过程中"通俗化"或"大众化"与"专业化"或"职业化"的观念纠结。物权法的裁判法特质,决定了其相关规则根植于社会生活,立法活动系发现这些规则,为市民社会提供裁判规则,不能为了"通俗"而去专业化。为法律适用方便,应纯粹化,尽量减少不具可诉性或不具可司法性的重复的公法规范。     

物尽其用与物权立法--关于物权法草案立法价值取向的一点宏观性思考

物权立法的过程是一个安全(秩序)、公平和效益价值的配置过程。我国现行的物权性立法奉行的安全(秩序)价值本位,已不适应我国经济社会发展的需要,当前我国的物权立法在价值配置上要突出效益价值,实现从安全(秩序)价值本位到效益价值优位的转向。《物权法(草案)》三审稿和四审稿虽然明示了促进物的利用的立法价值取向,但是在具体制度的设计上并没有很好的予以贯彻,远不及《物权法(征求意见稿)》和《物权法(草案)》一审稿和二审稿,实质上还是使物权立法又回归到了安全(秩序)价值本位。     

对物权客体——物的种类的重新界定

物是物权的客体,而物权是物权法的核心.我国物权法的出台,从法律上确立了物的种类、归属、利用和保护的规则.但是,对于物的种类,这一物权法的基本问题,却仍然沿袭"动产和不动产"这一超百年的分类方式,显然过于保守,已经落后于时代.客观世界的迅速发展,使物的种类呈现井喷式的增长.打破局限于有体物范畴之内的"动产和不动产"的物的种类"二分法",已成现实之趋.借鉴大陆法系、英美法系的立法经验,结合当前社会经济发展现状,在立法上,将物的种类重新界定为生命伦理物、狭义特殊物和一般物,应为我国民事立法所接受,并通过物权法司法解释的形式加以确定.这一立法上的突破,不但使我国的物权立法更具理论特色和现实价值,而且对于完善我国物权法理论,并进一步奠定民法典基础具有十分重要的意义.     

宪法与物权法对私有财产权的保护与限制

物权法是一部规范、保护财产权的基本法律。宪法作为国家的根本法,是调整财产关系的基本依据,是财产保护的前提和基础。物权法是宪法保障公民私有财产权原则的具体化。宪法对财产权的保护主要是防范来自国家的侵犯,其基本功能是给国家行为设定边界,物权法对财产权的保护是通过界定财产的边界来防止民事主体互相越界。二者一道共同维护私有财产权,同时也对私有财产权予以限制,那就是国家的征收征用制度。由于这种制度对私有财产权构成严厉的限制,因此,有必要对征收征用制度予以严格的限制和约束。从各国的立法例来看,一般从征收征用的目的、补偿标准和程序三个方面对此制度予以限制和约束,以促使政府依法行政,更好地保护私有财产权。     

对我国《物权法》规定的浮动抵押的法律思考

《物权法》首次确定了浮动抵押制度，对于这一立法举措，学界褒贬不一。文章从浮动抵押制度的起源、国外制度和特点人手，对《物权法》相关规定进行评价，并提出完善我国浮动抵押制度的对策及建议。     

我国立法应明确不动产租赁登记的效力——兼论物权化之债权及其公示

我国<合同法>第229条关于"买卖不破租赁"的规定以及<物权法>第190条关于"先成立之租赁关系不受后成立之抵押权影响"的规定,确立了租赁权具有部分物权特征的规则.物权与债权的区分有着重要的意义,我国立法存在物权化债权的有关政策,包括租赁权与船舶优先权及航空器优先权的有关物权化规则,通过分析实例可以看出,在对有关债权物权化的同时,我国法律对船舶优先权及航空器优先权与交易安全的冲突已有相应的制度安排,但我国法律对租赁权与交易安全冲突的规则及租赁登记的效力存在法律漏洞--基于物权法公示公信的原则,债权物权化,应当有相关的公示制度予以配套,否则将有损交易安全,未来的"不动产登记法"立法时应将租赁登记及其效力纳入租赁权物权化制度体系.     

菲律宾政府对南沙群岛“主权诉求”的因由演变

从"国家安全"到"国家主权",从一般国际法原则到国际海洋法制度,综观菲律宾政府对南沙群岛主权主张的演变,其所提出的"证据"与"理由"均属其历史发展及民族主义情绪下行政或立法的产物。随着国际政治现实变化及国际法发展,菲律宾政府的法律主张从单方面依据国内主张或立法,逐步转变为寻求国际法支持,并向《联合国海洋法公约》所确立的制度靠近。未来随着国际法发展、菲律宾国内行政实践以及立法的变化,仍有进一步整合的可能性。     

抵押权制度的变迁——从《担保法》到《物权法》

《物权法》调整了可抵押财产的范围,建立了动产浮动抵押制度,确立了抵押合同的效力与抵押权的设立相分离的原则,完善了对承租人与抵押权人之间关系的调整。对于抵押财产的转让,《物权法》的规定更有利于抵押权人。《物权法》还首次对抵押权的顺位作出了规定。关于抵押权的实现,《物权法》的规定更注重当事人的意思自治,注意保护其他债权人的利益,简化抵押权实现的程序,降低抵押权实现的成本。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.