青藏铁路的建设与对西藏发展的影响

本文从铁路角度回顾了青藏铁路的决策与建设、运营与发展,并对青藏铁路对西藏的社会与经济、旅游与环保等方面的影响以及贡献等方面进行了分析。试图以铁路为主线,以时间为纵轴来全方位地论述青藏铁路建设对西藏这一特定区域协调发展的重要意义。     

改变未来的高原巨龙 青藏铁路

2005年10月18日,世界上海拔最高的铁路-青藏铁路(格尔木拉萨段)正线全线完成铺轨。这标志着,在号称“地球第三极”的青藏高原上,经过数万铁路建设者近5年的艰苦奋斗,攻克了多年冻土、高寒缺氧,生态脆弱三大世界性科技难题,世界上海拔最高、线路最长、穿越冻土里程最长的高原铁路- 青藏铁路全线铺通。消息传来全国振奋,世界注目。建设青藏铁路,促进西部大开发,是促进我国国民经济可持续发展的重要战略举措。在2001年3月召开的九届人大四次会议上通过的“十五”计划纲要中,党中央国务院做出了促进西部大开发,修建青藏铁路(格尔木-拉萨段) 的重大决策,对我国西部经济发展具有重要意义。     

新常态下青藏高原生态文明建设的法治化途径探索

经济新常态对推进生态文明建设提出了新的要求,保护生态环境就是保护生产力、改善生态环境就是发展生产力,生态文明建设的新常态要用严格的法律制度体系来保障。高原藏区作为生态屏障发挥着重要作用,但其生态环境的脆弱性决定了生态文明建设的紧迫性。选择符合高原藏区环境状况的法治化路径成为关键,加快生态自治立法、建立生态补偿法律制度和弘扬藏族生态文化成为解决问题的战略取向。     

新常态下青藏高原生态文明建设的法治化途径探索

经济新常态对推进生态文明建设提出了新的要求，保护生态环境就是保护生产力、改善生态环境就是发展生产力，生态文明建设的新常态要用严格的法律制度体系来保障。高原藏区作为生态屏障发挥着重要作用，但其生态环境的脆弱性决定了生态文明建设的紧迫性。选择符合高原藏区环境状况的法治化路径成为关键，加快生态自治立法、建立生态补偿法律制度和弘扬藏族生态文化成为解决问题的战略取向。     

青藏铁路线上的冻土“克星”

青藏铁路7月1日全线试运营,世人瞩目。随着冻土路基、冻土区桥梁、涵洞、隧道、房建、管线等工程的顺利施工,世界上海拔最高、穿越高原多年冻土最长的青藏铁路,堪称“世界冻土工程博物馆”。专家称,青藏铁路穿越世界上最复杂的冻土区,不少冻土工程措施都是国内外首创,可谓集冻土工程之大全。上世纪80年代,由于冻土区筑路技术问题得不到解决,不得不使青藏铁路在中途的驿站——格尔木划上休止符。能不能正确地认识冻土?破解冻土的奥秘?建设世界海拔最高、难度最大的高原铁路,其背后存有许多鲜为人知的故事。     

青藏铁路备忘录

建设五年大事记举世瞩目的青藏铁路7月1日通车。青藏铁路(格尔木至拉萨段)作为世界海拔最高、线路最长的高原铁路,是世界铁路建设史上最具挑战性的工程项目。从2001年6月正式开工,到最后全线建成通车,用了五年的时间,比计划工期提前一年。2001年6月29日,全长1142公里的青藏铁路格拉段正式开工建设。开工典礼在海拔3080米的格尔木南山口车站和海拔3639米的拉萨柳吾隧道工地同时举行。2001年作为开局之年,格(尔木)望(昆)段展开施工,5个冻土工程试验段开始建设。至年底,格望段路基成形,南山口铺架基地建成。2002年,展开唐古拉山以北冻土工程和…     

青藏铁路:百年梦想的实现

青藏铁路:一个早就酝酿的梦想孙中山先生曾于1919年“五四”运动前后,发表过近20万字的名著《建国方略》。在这本书的“实业计划”中,规划了“西北铁路”、“高原铁路”等七大铁路系统,共计106条铁路干线,约10万公里。“高原铁路”系统共规划16条铁路干线,其中“拉萨至兰州线”“、兰州至若羌线”经过今青海省的东部、南部、西部、北部,向西南通达西藏,向西北通达新疆。1943～1945年,国民政府先后派陇海铁路局副总工程师李俨、工程师宋梦渔、选线工程师刘宝善等人,组团率队勘测甘青铁路,撰写了“草测报告”,绘制了剖面图,实施了青藏铁路基点…     

梵净山生态文明建设与旅游开发研究

考察梵净山生态环境保护的传统与经验,探析梵净山生态文明建设与旅游开发,最后指出梵净山生态文明建设在当前所面临的问题以及解决问题的可行性建议。认为可以给当前和今后梵净山生态文明建设和旅游开发提供一些借鉴和启示。     

环保教育应追求社会最大化效益

环境保护对保持国民经济持续快速健康发展、不断提高经济增长的质量和效益、对不断提高人民群众的生活质量、促进人的全面发展都具有十分重要的意义。本文就环保工作的宣传教育追求社会最大化效益入手,阐述了宣传教育在环境保护工作中发挥的重要作用,同时从宣传环保法、多种宣传教育方式、以及加大环保宣传教育投入等方面阐明如何在环保教育中追求社会最大化效益。     

化学在环境科学中的重要性

化学技术的进步,在促进了化学工业快速发展的同时,给环境带来了直接或间接、急性或慢性、近期或远期的负面影响。在控制或防治环境污染和生态恶化,改善环境质量和保护人体健康等各个方面,化学都可以发挥重要作用。为教育学生强化环保意识,应该在化学教学中渗透环境教育,让学生懂得化学与环境的关系,为环境保护和治理奠定基础。     

基于生态足迹模型的川西北高原地区可持续发展的耦合路径分析

在2010年国务院发布的《全国主体功能规划》中,川西北高原地区被确定为限制开发区和禁止开发区,成为国家重要的生态功能区之一。由此,在“生态保护”和“限制开发”的前提下,如何推进该地区经济社会的可持续发展,是各级地方党委政府必须面对和研究并解决好的重要问题之一。为此,本文以川西北重点生态功能区——红原县为例,运用生态足迹模型,对该区域自然资源的利用情况和自然生态系统的供给能力进行剖析,进一步分析了该区域的可持续发展状况,找出可持续发展中存在的主要问题和构成要素。在此基础上,以生态系统和经济发展系统相互耦合为视角,提出川西北高原地区可持续发展的耦合路径及对策建议。     

青藏高原生态安全问题的再认识

地处青藏高原腹地,气候高寒干旱,空气稀薄,气候特征使高原生态环境更加脆弱、敏感,自然生态系统的自我调节和修复能力差,生态环境遭到人为破坏后,极易造成生态环境的迅速恶化.青藏高原虽然土地辽阔,但高寒、干旱、缺氧,尚未发育成熟的生态链[1]极易受人类干扰,产生崩溃性失衡.这一巨大区域中少量人口的经济活动对中国生态环境产生的影响范围远远超出高原本身的范围,对生态环境产生的负面影响可以扩散至整个黄河和长江流域,进而对整个中华民族的生存发展产生重大影响.青藏高原的生态安全,事实上已经远远超越了青藏高原本身的范围,直接关系到中国、东南亚乃至全世界人民的生态利益,这一特性决定青藏高原的开发必须树立大生态观.     

论青藏高原生态环保立法与高原藏族生态文化观

青藏高原在全国乃至亚洲的生态安全中具有战略地位,但近几十年来该地区的生态环境在逐年恶化。因而,必须制定出符合实际的生态环保法,对这一地区的生态环境予以保护。由于青藏高原的主体民族是藏族,具有以人与自然和谐相处为总体精神的生态文化观,并以可持续发展和公众参与原则为集中体现。因而,在青藏高原生态环保立法中,应以人与自然和谐相处为主要立法指导思想,以可持续发展和公众参与为主要立法原则,对高原藏族生态文化进行充分吸收和借鉴。     

Supporting the Caliph's Project: Bosnian Muslims and the Hejaz Railway

This article will analyse Bosnian Muslims response and contribution to the construction of the Hejaz Railway. Based on primary sources during the 1900–1908 period, the article will argue that Bosnian Muslims actively followed news about the progress of the railway and financially contributed to its construction. Bosnian Muslim contribution took the form of establishing committees for the collection of voluntary donations in a number of Bosnian towns in 1905 and 1906. The active involvement of Bosnian Muslims in the construction of the Hejaz Railway shows that the spiritual bonds between Bosnian Muslims living in Austria-Hungary and their Caliph in Istanbul were not completely severed by the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia in 1878. Following a brief survey of Bosnian Muslim history within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the article describes the Hejaz Railway project and surveys the Bosnian Muslim contribution to the project.     

论生态移民与民族地区现代化

发展是民族地区的主要任务,而生态保护则是民族地区和整个中华民族的长远利益所在。民族地区强烈的发展要求可能导致自然资源的掠夺式开发,造成这一地区脆弱的生态进一步恶化;生态保护则构成民族地区经济发展的一个重要约束条件。本文通过对二者关系的梳理,探讨"退耕还林"、"退牧还草"工程实施后,民族地区的产业发展、城镇建设和生态保护的协调问题。     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

吉隆沟生态资源考察与旅游开发评价

吉隆沟是一个位于喜马拉雅山深处、几乎与世隔绝的高原峡谷,由于特殊的地理环境使这里形成了在喜马拉雅地区具有典型代表性的垂直生态体系,被誉为"高原地区最丰富的物种基因库"和"世界上最美丽的峡谷",随着中尼边境吉隆口岸建设计划的推进,吉隆峡谷的开发越来越迫在眉睫。文章在实地考察的基础上,对峡谷内的生态资源进行了科学评价,并初步提出了以徒步旅游为主要形式、生态旅游为主题的开发设想,为吉隆沟的开发建设提出一条建立在可持续发展基础上的发展之路。     

试论西部民族地区生态环境保护的法律构建

西部民族地区的生态环境建设关系到西部大开发战略的实施,关系到区域经济的发展,关系到民族地区的稳定和边疆安全。为了实现经济社会和生态环境保护的和谐发展,客观上要求我们必须在西部民族地区不断完善生态环境保护的法制体系,重视运用法律手段引导、规范、促进和保障西部民族地区生态环境的平衡协调。     

我国西部地区生态环境建设问题的制约因素及对策

中国西部地区生态环境建设问题是目前学术界研究的热点问题之一。文章在深入分析了影响西部地区生态环境建设的主要因素的基础上,突出强调了西部民族地区生态环境在我国经济发展中的战略地位,提出了西部生态环境建设与可持续发展的对策,最后指出西部地区实施生态环境建设的目标。     

民族地区的资源开发与环境保护问题研究

自然资源的开发和利用,是社会发展的必然,也是一个国家或地区发展、进步的标志。但是在自然资源的开发过程中,如何处理好资源开发与环境保护之间的关系问题,历来是一个至关重要的问题。民族地区既是自然资源相对富集的地区,同时也是生态环境系统相当脆弱的地区。近年来,民族地区为了满足经济增长和社会发展的需要,一些地区对资源的无序、过度等不合理开发,已使那里的环境问题变得越来越严峻和突出。本文分析了民族地区生态环境问题产生的原因,提出了解决问题的几点建议。